Bump version to 25.02

Update dependencies
wiki: Add Since to xkb file
2026-06-21 02:01:55 +07:00 · 2025-02-21 09:05:26 +03:00 · 2025-02-21 08:03:48 +03:00 · 2025-02-20 22:26:40 +03:00 · 2025-02-20 22:26:40 +03:00 · 2025-02-20 01:08:29 -08:00
5200 changed files with 90719 additions and 10318 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
+    groups:
+      smithay:
+        patterns:
+          - "smithay"
+          - "smithay-drm-extras"
+      rust-dependencies:
+        update-types:
+          - "minor"
+          - "patch"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
+    ignore:
+      - dependency-name: "Andrew-Chen-Wang/github-wiki-action"
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ on:

 env:
  RUN_SLOW_TESTS: 1
+  DEPS_APT: curl gcc clang libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev libpango1.0-dev libdisplay-info-dev
+  DEPS_DNF: cargo gcc clang libudev-devel libgbm-devel libxkbcommon-devel wayland-devel libinput-devel dbus-devel systemd-devel libseat-devel pipewire-devel pango-devel cairo-gobject-devel libdisplay-info-devel

 jobs:
  build:
@@ -23,8 +25,7 @@ jobs:
            release-flag: '--release'

    name: test - ${{ matrix.configuration }}
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    container: ubuntu:23.10
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -33,8 +34,8 @@ jobs:

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
-          apt-get update -y
-          apt-get install -y curl gcc clang libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev libpango1.0-dev libdisplay-info-dev
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y ${{ env.DEPS_APT }}

      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable

@@ -63,19 +64,26 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build (with profiling)
        run: cargo build ${{ matrix.release-flag }} --features profile-with-tracy

-      - name: Build Tests
+      - name: Build tests
        run: cargo test --no-run --all --exclude niri-visual-tests ${{ matrix.release-flag }}

      - name: Test
        run: cargo test --all --exclude niri-visual-tests ${{ matrix.release-flag }} -- --nocapture

-  visual-tests:
+  # Job that runs randomized tests for a longer period of time.
+  randomized-tests:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false

-    name: visual tests
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    container: ubuntu:23.10
+    name: randomized tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    env:
+      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
+      PROPTEST_CASES: 200000
+      PROPTEST_MAX_LOCAL_REJECTS: 200000
+      PROPTEST_MAX_GLOBAL_REJECTS: 200000
+      PROPTEST_MAX_SHRINK_ITERS: 200000

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -84,8 +92,35 @@ jobs:

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
-          apt-get update -y
-          apt-get install -y curl gcc clang libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev libpango1.0-dev libadwaita-1-dev libdisplay-info-dev
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y ${{ env.DEPS_APT }}
+
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+
+      - name: Build tests
+        run: cargo test --no-run --all --exclude niri-visual-tests --release
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: cargo test --all --exclude niri-visual-tests --release
+
+  visual-tests:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+
+    name: visual tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          show-progress: false
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y ${{ env.DEPS_APT }} libadwaita-1-dev

      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable

@@ -98,9 +133,8 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      fail-fast: false

-    name: 'msrv - 1.77.0'
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    container: ubuntu:23.10
+    name: msrv
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -109,10 +143,10 @@ jobs:

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
-          apt-get update -y
-          apt-get install -y curl gcc clang libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev libpango1.0-dev libadwaita-1-dev libdisplay-info-dev
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y ${{ env.DEPS_APT }} libadwaita-1-dev

-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.77.0
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@1.80.1

      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2

@@ -123,8 +157,7 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false

    name: clippy
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    container: ubuntu:23.10
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -133,8 +166,8 @@ jobs:

      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
-          apt-get update -y
-          apt-get install -y curl gcc clang libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev libpango1.0-dev libadwaita-1-dev libdisplay-info-dev
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y ${{ env.DEPS_APT }} libadwaita-1-dev

      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
        with:
@@ -146,7 +179,7 @@ jobs:
        run: cargo clippy --all --all-targets

  rustfmt:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -161,8 +194,8 @@ jobs:
        run: cargo fmt --all -- --check

  fedora:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
-    container: fedora:39
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    container: fedora:41

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -172,13 +205,13 @@ jobs:
      - name: Install dependencies
        run: |
          sudo dnf update -y
-          sudo dnf install -y cargo gcc libudev-devel libgbm-devel libxkbcommon-devel wayland-devel libinput-devel dbus-devel systemd-devel libseat-devel pipewire-devel pango-devel cairo-gobject-devel clang libadwaita-devel libdisplay-info-devel
+          sudo dnf install -y ${{ env.DEPS_DNF }} libadwaita-devel

      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
      - run: cargo build --all

  nix:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
@@ -200,7 +233,7 @@ jobs:
    needs: build
    permissions:
      contents: write
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
@@ -212,7 +245,7 @@ jobs:
    needs: build
    permissions:
      contents: write
-    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+name: Prepare release
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      version:
+        description: 'Public version'
+        required: true
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+env:
+  RUN_SLOW_TESTS: 1
+
+jobs:
+  prepare-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          show-progress: false
+
+      - name: Check for unreplaced "Since:" in the wiki
+        run: |
+          if grep --recursive 'Since: next release' wiki; then
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y curl gcc clang libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev libpango1.0-dev libdisplay-info-dev libadwaita-1-dev
+
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+
+      - name: Create vendored dependencies archive
+        run: |
+          mkdir .cargo
+          cargo vendor --locked > .cargo/config.toml
+          tar cJf niri-${{ github.event.inputs.version }}-vendored-dependencies.tar.xz vendor/
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: cargo build --all --frozen --release
+
+      - name: Build tests
+        run: cargo test --no-run --all --frozen --release
+
+      - name: Test
+        run: cargo test --all --frozen --release -- --nocapture
+
+      - name: Draft release
+        uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
+        with:
+          draft: true
+          tag_name: v${{ github.event.inputs.version }}
+          files: niri-${{ github.event.inputs.version }}-vendored-dependencies.tar.xz
+          fail_on_unmatched_files: true
@@ -1,32 +1,38 @@
 [workspace]
-members = ["niri-visual-tests"]
+members = [
+    "niri-config",
+    "niri-ipc",
+    "niri-visual-tests",
+]

 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.1.9"
+version = "25.2.0"
 description = "A scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor"
 authors = ["Ivan Molodetskikh <yalterz@gmail.com>"]
 license = "GPL-3.0-or-later"
 edition = "2021"
 repository = "https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri"
-rust-version = "1.77"
+rust-version = "1.80.1"

 [workspace.dependencies]
-anyhow = "1.0.90"
-bitflags = "2.6.0"
-clap = { version = "4.5.20", features = ["derive"] }
-k9 = "0.12.0"
-serde = { version = "1.0.210", features = ["derive"] }
-serde_json = "1.0.132"
-tracing = { version = "0.1.40", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
-tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
-tracy-client = { version = "0.17.4", default-features = false }
+anyhow = "1.0.96"
+bitflags = "2.8.0"
+clap = { version = "4.5.30", features = ["derive"] }
+insta = "1.42.1"
+serde = { version = "1.0.218", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1.0.139"
+tracing = { version = "0.1.41", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.19", features = ["env-filter"] }
+tracy-client = { version = "0.18.0", default-features = false }

 [workspace.dependencies.smithay]
+# version = "0.4.1"
 git = "https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git"
 # path = "../smithay"
 default-features = false

 [workspace.dependencies.smithay-drm-extras]
+# version = "0.1.0"
 git = "https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git"
 # path = "../smithay/smithay-drm-extras"

@@ -47,45 +53,44 @@ keywords = ["wayland", "compositor", "tiling", "smithay", "wm"]
 anyhow.workspace = true
 arrayvec = "0.7.6"
 async-channel = "2.3.1"
-async-io = { version = "1.13.0", optional = true }
+async-io = { version = "2.4.0", optional = true }
 atomic = "0.6.0"
 bitflags.workspace = true
-bytemuck = { version = "1.19.0", features = ["derive"] }
-calloop = { version = "0.14.1", features = ["executor", "futures-io"] }
+bytemuck = { version = "1.21.0", features = ["derive"] }
+calloop = { version = "0.14.2", features = ["executor", "futures-io"] }
 clap = { workspace = true, features = ["string"] }
-directories = "5.0.1"
+directories = "6.0.0"
 drm-ffi = "0.9.0"
-fastrand = "2.1.1"
+fastrand = "2.3.0"
 futures-util = { version = "0.3.31", default-features = false, features = ["std", "io"] }
 git-version = "0.3.9"
-glam = "0.29.0"
+glam = "0.30.0"
 input = { version = "0.9.1", features = ["libinput_1_21"] }
 keyframe = { version = "1.1.1", default-features = false }
-libc = "0.2.161"
-libdisplay-info = "0.1.0"
-log = { version = "0.4.22", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
-niri-config = { version = "0.1.9", path = "niri-config" }
-niri-ipc = { version = "0.1.9", path = "niri-ipc", features = ["clap"] }
-notify-rust = { version = "~4.10.0", optional = true }
-ordered-float = "4.4.0"
-pango = { version = "0.20.4", features = ["v1_44"] }
-pangocairo = "0.20.4"
+libc = "0.2.169"
+libdisplay-info = "0.2.2"
+log = { version = "0.4.25", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
+niri-config = { version = "25.2.0", path = "niri-config" }
+niri-ipc = { version = "25.2.0", path = "niri-ipc", features = ["clap"] }
+ordered-float = "5.0.0"
+pango = { version = "0.20.9", features = ["v1_44"] }
+pangocairo = "0.20.7"
 pipewire = { git = "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/pipewire/pipewire-rs.git", optional = true, features = ["v0_3_33"] }
-png = "0.17.14"
-portable-atomic = { version = "1.9.0", default-features = false, features = ["float"] }
+png = "0.17.16"
+portable-atomic = { version = "1.10.0", default-features = false, features = ["float"] }
 profiling = "1.0.16"
-sd-notify = "0.4.3"
+sd-notify = "0.4.5"
 serde.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
 smithay-drm-extras.workspace = true
 tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
 tracing.workspace = true
 tracy-client.workspace = true
-url = { version = "2.5.2", optional = true }
-wayland-backend = "0.3.7"
-wayland-scanner = "0.31.5"
+url = { version = "2.5.4", optional = true }
+wayland-backend = "0.3.8"
+wayland-scanner = "0.31.6"
 xcursor = "0.3.8"
-zbus = { version = "~3.15.2", optional = true }
+zbus = { version = "5.5.0", optional = true }

 [dependencies.smithay]
 workspace = true
@@ -107,15 +112,18 @@ features = [

 [dev-dependencies]
 approx = "0.5.1"
-k9.workspace = true
-proptest = "1.5.0"
-proptest-derive = { version = "0.5.0", features = ["boxed_union"] }
-xshell = "0.2.6"
+calloop-wayland-source = "0.4.0"
+insta.workspace = true
+proptest = "1.6.0"
+proptest-derive = { version = "0.5.1", features = ["boxed_union"] }
+rayon = "1.10.0"
+wayland-client = "0.31.8"
+xshell = "0.2.7"

 [features]
 default = ["dbus", "systemd", "xdp-gnome-screencast"]
 # Enables D-Bus support (serve various freedesktop and GNOME interfaces, power button handling).
-dbus = ["zbus", "async-io", "notify-rust", "url"]
+dbus = ["dep:zbus", "dep:async-io", "dep:url"]
 # Enables systemd integration (global environment, apps in transient scopes).
 systemd = ["dbus"]
 # Enables screencasting support through xdg-desktop-portal-gnome.
@@ -124,6 +132,8 @@ xdp-gnome-screencast = ["dbus", "pipewire"]
 profile-with-tracy = ["profiling/profile-with-tracy", "tracy-client/default"]
 # Enables the on-demand Tracy profiler instrumentation.
 profile-with-tracy-ondemand = ["profile-with-tracy", "tracy-client/ondemand", "tracy-client/manual-lifetime"]
+# Enables Tracy allocation profiling.
+profile-with-tracy-allocations = ["profile-with-tracy"]
 # Enables dinit integration (global environment).
 dinit = []

@@ -136,8 +146,12 @@ lto = "thin"
 # knuffel with chomsky generates a metric ton of debuginfo.
 debug = false

+[profile.dev.package]
+insta.opt-level = 3
+similar.opt-level = 3
+
 [package.metadata.generate-rpm]
-version = "0.1.9"
+version = "25.02"
 assets = [
    { source = "target/release/niri", dest = "/usr/bin/", mode = "755" },
    { source = "resources/niri-session", dest = "/usr/bin/", mode = "755" },
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <h1 align="center">niri</h1>
 <p align="center">A scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor.</p>
 <p align="center">
-    <a href="https://matrix.to/#/#niri:matrix.org"><img alt="Matrix" src="https://img.shields.io/matrix/niri%3Amatrix.org?logo=matrix&label=matrix"></a>
+    <a href="https://matrix.to/#/#niri:matrix.org"><img alt="Matrix" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-%23niri-blue?logo=matrix"></a>
    <a href="https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/blob/main/LICENSE"><img alt="GitHub License" src="https://img.shields.io/github/license/YaLTeR/niri"></a>
    <a href="https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/releases"><img alt="GitHub Release" src="https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/YaLTeR/niri?logo=github"></a>
 </p>
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
    <a href="https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Getting-Started">Getting Started</a> | <a href="https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Configuration:-Overview">Configuration</a> | <a href="https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/discussions/325">Setup&nbsp;Showcase</a>
 </p>

-![](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/assets/1794388/52c799a1-77ec-455f-b4aa-f3236a144964)
+![niri with a few windows open](https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d142e57d-a25d-4ddb-ab46-311417458211)

 ## About

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ When a monitor disconnects, its workspaces will move to another monitor, but upo

 ## Features

- Scrollable tiling
+- Built from the ground up for scrollable tiling
 - Dynamic workspaces like in GNOME
 - Built-in screenshot UI
 - Monitor and window screencasting through xdg-desktop-portal-gnome
@@ -45,10 +45,35 @@ https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/assets/1794388/bce834b0-f205-434e-a027-b373495f97

 ## Status

-A lot of the essential functionality is implemented, plus some goodies on top.
-Feel free to give niri a try: follow the instructions on the [Getting Started](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Getting-Started) wiki page.
+Niri is stable for day-to-day use and does most things expected of a Wayland compositor.
+Many people are daily-driving niri, and are happy to help in our [Matrix channel].
+
+Give it a try!
+Follow the instructions on the [Getting Started](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Getting-Started) wiki page.
 Have your [waybar]s and [fuzzel]s ready: niri is not a complete desktop environment.

+Here are some points you may have questions about:
+
+- **Multi-monitor**: yes, a core part of the design from the very start. Mixed DPI works.
+- **Fractional scaling**: yes, plus all niri UI stays pixel-perfect.
+- **NVIDIA**: seems to work fine.
+- **Floating windows**: yes, starting from niri 25.01.
+- **Input devices**: niri supports tablets, touchpads, and touchscreens.
+You can map the tablet to a specific monitor, or use [OpenTabletDriver].
+We have touchpad gestures, but no touchscreen gestures yet.
+- **Wlr protocols**: yes, we have most of the important ones like layer-shell, gamma-control, screencopy.
+You can check on [wayland.app](https://wayland.app) at the bottom of each protocol's page.
+- **Performance**: while I run niri on beefy machines, I try to stay conscious of performance.
+I've seen someone use it fine on an Eee PC 900 from 2008, of all things.
+- **Xwayland**: no built-in support, but xwayland-satellite is [easy to set up](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Xwayland#using-xwayland-satellite) and works very well.
+    - Steam and games, including Proton: work perfectly through xwayland-satellite.
+    - JetBrains IDEs, Ghidra: work well through xwayland-satellite.
+    - Discord and other Electron apps: work well through xwayland-satellite.
+    - Chromium and VSCode: work perfectly natively on Wayland with the right flags.
+    - X11 apps that want to position windows or bars at specific screen coordinates: won't work well; you can run them in a nested compositor like [labwc](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Xwayland#using-the-labwc-wayland-compositor) or [rootful Xwayland](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Xwayland#directly-running-xwayland-in-rootful-mode).
+    - Display scaling (integer or fractional) will make X11 apps look blurry; this needs to be supported in xwayland-satellite.
+    For games, you can run them in [gamescope] at native resolution, even with display scaling.
+
 ## Inspiration

 Niri is heavily inspired by [PaperWM] which implements scrollable tiling on top of GNOME Shell.
@@ -78,3 +103,6 @@ We have a Matrix chat, feel free to join and ask a question: https://matrix.to/#
 [hyprscroller]: https://github.com/dawsers/hyprscroller
 [hyprslidr]: https://gitlab.com/magus/hyprslidr
 [PaperWM.spoon]: https://github.com/mogenson/PaperWM.spoon
+[Matrix channel]: https://matrix.to/#/#niri:matrix.org
+[OpenTabletDriver]: https://opentabletdriver.net/
+[gamescope]: https://github.com/ValveSoftware/gamescope
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
  "nodes": {
    "nix-filter": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1710156097,
-        "narHash": "sha256-1Wvk8UP7PXdf8bCCaEoMnOT1qe5/Duqgj+rL8sRQsSM=",
+        "lastModified": 1731533336,
+        "narHash": "sha256-oRam5PS1vcrr5UPgALW0eo1m/5/pls27Z/pabHNy2Ms=",
        "owner": "numtide",
        "repo": "nix-filter",
-        "rev": "3342559a24e85fc164b295c3444e8a139924675b",
+        "rev": "f7653272fd234696ae94229839a99b73c9ab7de0",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
    },
    "nixpkgs": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1726365531,
-        "narHash": "sha256-luAKNxWZ+ZN0kaHchx1OdLQ71n81Y31ryNPWP1YRDZc=",
+        "lastModified": 1733064805,
+        "narHash": "sha256-7NbtSLfZO0q7MXPl5hzA0sbVJt6pWxxtGWbaVUDDmjs=",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "9299cdf978e15f448cf82667b0ffdd480b44ee48",
+        "rev": "31d66ae40417bb13765b0ad75dd200400e98de84",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@
        ]
      },
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1727663505,
-        "narHash": "sha256-83j/GrHsx8GFUcQofKh+PRPz6pz8sxAsZyT/HCNdey8=",
+        "lastModified": 1733106880,
+        "narHash": "sha256-aJmAIjZfWfPSWSExwrYBLRgXVvgF5LP1vaeUGOOIQ98=",
        "owner": "oxalica",
        "repo": "rust-overlay",
-        "rev": "c2099c6c7599ea1980151b8b6247a8f93e1806ee",
+        "rev": "e66c0d43abf5bdefb664c3583ca8994983c332ae",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -26,13 +26,11 @@
        {
          lib,
          cairo,
-          clang,
          dbus,
          libGL,
-          libclang,
          libdisplay-info,
          libinput,
-          libseat,
+          seatd,
          libxkbcommon,
          mesa,
          pango,
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@
          strictDeps = true;

          nativeBuildInputs = [
-            clang
+            rustPlatform.bindgenHook
            pkg-config
          ];

@@ -90,7 +88,7 @@
              libGL
              libdisplay-info
              libinput
-              libseat
+              seatd
              libxkbcommon
              mesa # libgbm
              pango
@@ -108,6 +106,15 @@
            ++ lib.optional withSystemd "systemd";
          buildNoDefaultFeatures = true;

+          # ever since this commit:
+          # https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/commit/771ea1e81557ffe7af9cbdbec161601575b64d81
+          # niri now runs an actual instance of the real compositor (with a mock backend) during tests
+          # and thus creates a real socket file in the runtime dir.
+          # this is fine for our build, we just need to make sure it has a directory to write to.
+          preCheck = ''
+            export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
+          '';
+
          postInstall =
            ''
              install -Dm644 resources/niri.desktop -t $out/share/wayland-sessions
@@ -119,11 +126,9 @@
            '';

          env = {
-            LIBCLANG_PATH = lib.getLib libclang + "/lib";
-
            # Force linking with libEGL and libwayland-client
            # so they can be discovered by `dlopen()`
-            CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS = toString (
+            RUSTFLAGS = toString (
              map (arg: "-C link-arg=" + arg) [
                "-Wl,--push-state,--no-as-needed"
                "-lEGL"
@@ -191,7 +196,7 @@
            ];

            nativeBuildInputs = [
-              pkgs.clang
+              pkgs.rustPlatform.bindgenHook
              pkgs.pkg-config
              pkgs.wrapGAppsHook4 # For `niri-visual-tests`
            ];
@@ -201,14 +206,12 @@
            ];

            env = {
-              inherit (niri) LIBCLANG_PATH;
-
              # WARN: Do not overwrite this variable in your shell!
              # It is required for `dlopen()` to work on some libraries; see the comment
              # in the package expression
              #
              # This should only be set with `CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS="$CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS -C your-flags"`
-              inherit (niri) CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS;
+              CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS = niri.RUSTFLAGS;
            };
          };
        }
@@ -11,14 +11,13 @@ repository.workspace = true
 bitflags.workspace = true
 csscolorparser = "0.7.0"
 knuffel = "3.2.0"
-miette = "5.10.0"
-niri-ipc = { version = "0.1.9", path = "../niri-ipc" }
-regex = "1.11.0"
+miette = { version = "5.10.0", features = ["fancy-no-backtrace"] }
+niri-ipc = { version = "25.2.0", path = "../niri-ipc" }
+regex = "1.11.1"
 smithay = { workspace = true, features = ["backend_libinput"] }
 tracing.workspace = true
 tracy-client.workspace = true

 [dev-dependencies]
-k9.workspace = true
-miette = { version = "5.10.0", features = ["fancy"] }
+insta.workspace = true
 pretty_assertions = "1.4.1"
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use crate::{BlockOutFrom, CornerRadius, RegexEq, ShadowRule};
+
+#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct LayerRule {
+    #[knuffel(children(name = "match"))]
+    pub matches: Vec<Match>,
+    #[knuffel(children(name = "exclude"))]
+    pub excludes: Vec<Match>,
+
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument))]
+    pub opacity: Option<f32>,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument))]
+    pub block_out_from: Option<BlockOutFrom>,
+    #[knuffel(child, default)]
+    pub shadow: ShadowRule,
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub geometry_corner_radius: Option<CornerRadius>,
+}
+
+#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Match {
+    #[knuffel(property, str)]
+    pub namespace: Option<RegexEq>,
+    #[knuffel(property)]
+    pub at_startup: Option<bool>,
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use regex::Regex;
+
+/// `Regex` that implements `PartialEq` by its string form.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RegexEq(pub Regex);
+
+impl PartialEq for RegexEq {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.0.as_str() == other.0.as_str()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for RegexEq {}
+
+impl FromStr for RegexEq {
+    type Err = <Regex as FromStr>::Err;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        Regex::from_str(s).map(Self)
+    }
+}
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 [package]
 name = "niri-ipc"
 version.workspace = true
-description.workspace = true
 authors.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 edition.workspace = true
 repository.workspace = true

+description = "Types and helpers for interfacing with the niri Wayland compositor."
+keywords = ["wayland"]
+categories = ["api-bindings", "os"]
+readme = "README.md"
+
 [dependencies]
 clap = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 schemars = { version = "0.8.21", optional = true }
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# niri-ipc
+
+Types and helpers for interfacing with the [niri](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri) Wayland compositor.
+
+## Backwards compatibility
+
+This crate follows the niri version.
+It is **not** API-stable in terms of the Rust semver.
+In particular, expect new struct fields and enum variants to be added in patch version bumps.
+
+Use an exact version requirement to avoid breaking changes:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+niri-ipc = "=25.2.0"
+```
@@ -19,6 +19,20 @@
 //!
 //! This crate follows the niri version. It is **not** API-stable in terms of the Rust semver. In
 //! particular, expect new struct fields and enum variants to be added in patch version bumps.
+//!
+//! Use an exact version requirement to avoid breaking changes:
+//!
+//! ```toml
+//! [dependencies]
+//! niri-ipc = "=25.2.0"
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Features
+//!
+//! This crate defines the following features:
+//! - `json-schema`: derives the [schemars](https://lib.rs/crates/schemars) `JsonSchema` trait for
+//!   the types.
+//! - `clap`: derives the clap CLI parsing traits for some types. Used internally by niri itself.
 #![warn(missing_docs)]

 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -41,6 +55,8 @@ pub enum Request {
    Workspaces,
    /// Request information about open windows.
    Windows,
+    /// Request information about layer-shell surfaces.
+    Layers,
    /// Request information about the configured keyboard layouts.
    KeyboardLayouts,
    /// Request information about the focused output.
@@ -105,6 +121,8 @@ pub enum Response {
    Workspaces(Vec<Workspace>),
    /// Information about open windows.
    Windows(Vec<Window>),
+    /// Information about layer-shell surfaces.
+    Layers(Vec<LayerSurface>),
    /// Information about the keyboard layout.
    KeyboardLayouts(KeyboardLayouts),
    /// Information about the focused output.
@@ -149,7 +167,13 @@ pub enum Action {
    /// Open the screenshot UI.
    Screenshot {},
    /// Screenshot the focused screen.
-    ScreenshotScreen {},
+    ScreenshotScreen {
+        /// Write the screenshot to disk in addition to putting it in your clipboard.
+        ///
+        /// The screenshot is saved according to the `screenshot-path` config setting.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(short = 'd', long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set, default_value_t = true))]
+        write_to_disk: bool,
+    },
    /// Screenshot a window.
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", clap(about = "Screenshot the focused window"))]
    ScreenshotWindow {
@@ -158,6 +182,11 @@ pub enum Action {
        /// If `None`, uses the focused window.
        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
        id: Option<u64>,
+        /// Write the screenshot to disk in addition to putting it in your clipboard.
+        ///
+        /// The screenshot is saved according to the `screenshot-path` config setting.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(short = 'd', long, action = clap::ArgAction::Set, default_value_t = true))]
+        write_to_disk: bool,
    },
    /// Close a window.
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", clap(about = "Close the focused window"))]
@@ -186,6 +215,16 @@ pub enum Action {
        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
        id: u64,
    },
+    /// Focus a window in the focused column by index.
+    FocusWindowInColumn {
+        /// Index of the window in the column.
+        ///
+        /// The index starts from 1 for the topmost window.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg())]
+        index: u8,
+    },
+    /// Focus the previously focused window.
+    FocusWindowPrevious {},
    /// Focus the column to the left.
    FocusColumnLeft {},
    /// Focus the column to the right.
@@ -222,6 +261,14 @@ pub enum Action {
    FocusWindowOrWorkspaceDown {},
    /// Focus the window or the workspace above.
    FocusWindowOrWorkspaceUp {},
+    /// Focus the topmost window.
+    FocusWindowTop {},
+    /// Focus the bottommost window.
+    FocusWindowBottom {},
+    /// Focus the window below or the topmost window.
+    FocusWindowDownOrTop {},
+    /// Focus the window above or the bottommost window.
+    FocusWindowUpOrBottom {},
    /// Move the focused column to the left.
    MoveColumnLeft {},
    /// Move the focused column to the right.
@@ -270,8 +317,32 @@ pub enum Action {
    ConsumeWindowIntoColumn {},
    /// Expel the focused window from the column.
    ExpelWindowFromColumn {},
+    /// Swap focused window with one to the right.
+    SwapWindowRight {},
+    /// Swap focused window with one to the left.
+    SwapWindowLeft {},
+    /// Toggle the focused column between normal and tabbed display.
+    ToggleColumnTabbedDisplay {},
+    /// Set the display mode of the focused column.
+    SetColumnDisplay {
+        /// Display mode to set.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg())]
+        display: ColumnDisplay,
+    },
    /// Center the focused column on the screen.
    CenterColumn {},
+    /// Center a window on the screen.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "clap",
+        clap(about = "Center the focused window on the screen")
+    )]
+    CenterWindow {
+        /// Id of the window to center.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused window.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        id: Option<u64>,
+    },
    /// Focus the workspace below.
    FocusWorkspaceDown {},
    /// Focus the workspace above.
@@ -318,6 +389,50 @@ pub enum Action {
    MoveWorkspaceDown {},
    /// Move the focused workspace up.
    MoveWorkspaceUp {},
+    /// Move a workspace to a specific index on its monitor.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "clap",
+        clap(about = "Move the focused workspace to a specific index on its monitor")
+    )]
+    MoveWorkspaceToIndex {
+        /// New index for the workspace.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg())]
+        index: usize,
+
+        /// Reference (index or name) of the workspace to move.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused workspace.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        reference: Option<WorkspaceReferenceArg>,
+    },
+    /// Set the name of a workspace.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "clap",
+        clap(about = "Set the name of the focused workspace")
+    )]
+    SetWorkspaceName {
+        /// New name for the workspace.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg())]
+        name: String,
+
+        /// Reference (index or name) of the workspace to name.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused workspace.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        workspace: Option<WorkspaceReferenceArg>,
+    },
+    /// Unset the name of a workspace.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "clap",
+        clap(about = "Unset the name of the focused workspace")
+    )]
+    UnsetWorkspaceName {
+        /// Reference (index or name) of the workspace to unname.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused workspace.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg())]
+        reference: Option<WorkspaceReferenceArg>,
+    },
    /// Focus the monitor to the left.
    FocusMonitorLeft {},
    /// Focus the monitor to the right.
@@ -326,6 +441,10 @@ pub enum Action {
    FocusMonitorDown {},
    /// Focus the monitor above.
    FocusMonitorUp {},
+    /// Focus the previous monitor.
+    FocusMonitorPrevious {},
+    /// Focus the next monitor.
+    FocusMonitorNext {},
    /// Move the focused window to the monitor to the left.
    MoveWindowToMonitorLeft {},
    /// Move the focused window to the monitor to the right.
@@ -334,6 +453,10 @@ pub enum Action {
    MoveWindowToMonitorDown {},
    /// Move the focused window to the monitor above.
    MoveWindowToMonitorUp {},
+    /// Move the focused window to the previous monitor.
+    MoveWindowToMonitorPrevious {},
+    /// Move the focused window to the next monitor.
+    MoveWindowToMonitorNext {},
    /// Move the focused column to the monitor to the left.
    MoveColumnToMonitorLeft {},
    /// Move the focused column to the monitor to the right.
@@ -342,6 +465,26 @@ pub enum Action {
    MoveColumnToMonitorDown {},
    /// Move the focused column to the monitor above.
    MoveColumnToMonitorUp {},
+    /// Move the focused column to the previous monitor.
+    MoveColumnToMonitorPrevious {},
+    /// Move the focused column to the next monitor.
+    MoveColumnToMonitorNext {},
+    /// Change the width of a window.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "clap",
+        clap(about = "Change the width of the focused window")
+    )]
+    SetWindowWidth {
+        /// Id of the window whose width to set.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused window.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        id: Option<u64>,
+
+        /// How to change the width.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(allow_hyphen_values = true))]
+        change: SizeChange,
+    },
    /// Change the height of a window.
    #[cfg_attr(
        feature = "clap",
@@ -355,7 +498,7 @@ pub enum Action {
        id: Option<u64>,

        /// How to change the height.
-        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg())]
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(allow_hyphen_values = true))]
        change: SizeChange,
    },
    /// Reset the height of a window back to automatic.
@@ -372,6 +515,14 @@ pub enum Action {
    },
    /// Switch between preset column widths.
    SwitchPresetColumnWidth {},
+    /// Switch between preset window widths.
+    SwitchPresetWindowWidth {
+        /// Id of the window whose width to switch.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused window.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        id: Option<u64>,
+    },
    /// Switch between preset window heights.
    SwitchPresetWindowHeight {
        /// Id of the window whose height to switch.
@@ -385,9 +536,11 @@ pub enum Action {
    /// Change the width of the focused column.
    SetColumnWidth {
        /// How to change the width.
-        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg())]
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(allow_hyphen_values = true))]
        change: SizeChange,
    },
+    /// Expand the focused column to space not taken up by other fully visible columns.
+    ExpandColumnToAvailableWidth {},
    /// Switch between keyboard layouts.
    SwitchLayout {
        /// Layout to switch to.
@@ -404,12 +557,97 @@ pub enum Action {
    MoveWorkspaceToMonitorDown {},
    /// Move the focused workspace to the monitor above.
    MoveWorkspaceToMonitorUp {},
+    /// Move the focused workspace to the previous monitor.
+    MoveWorkspaceToMonitorPrevious {},
+    /// Move the focused workspace to the next monitor.
+    MoveWorkspaceToMonitorNext {},
+    /// Move a workspace to a specific monitor.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "clap",
+        clap(about = "Move the focused workspace to a specific monitor")
+    )]
+    MoveWorkspaceToMonitor {
+        /// The target output name.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg())]
+        output: String,
+
+        // Reference (index or name) of the workspace to move.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused workspace.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        reference: Option<WorkspaceReferenceArg>,
+    },
    /// Toggle a debug tint on windows.
    ToggleDebugTint {},
    /// Toggle visualization of render element opaque regions.
    DebugToggleOpaqueRegions {},
    /// Toggle visualization of output damage.
    DebugToggleDamage {},
+    /// Move the focused window between the floating and the tiling layout.
+    ToggleWindowFloating {
+        /// Id of the window to move.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused window.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        id: Option<u64>,
+    },
+    /// Move the focused window to the floating layout.
+    MoveWindowToFloating {
+        /// Id of the window to move.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused window.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        id: Option<u64>,
+    },
+    /// Move the focused window to the tiling layout.
+    MoveWindowToTiling {
+        /// Id of the window to move.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused window.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        id: Option<u64>,
+    },
+    /// Switches focus to the floating layout.
+    FocusFloating {},
+    /// Switches focus to the tiling layout.
+    FocusTiling {},
+    /// Toggles the focus between the floating and the tiling layout.
+    SwitchFocusBetweenFloatingAndTiling {},
+    /// Move a floating window on screen.
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", clap(about = "Move the floating window on screen"))]
+    MoveFloatingWindow {
+        /// Id of the window to move.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused window.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        id: Option<u64>,
+
+        /// How to change the X position.
+        #[cfg_attr(
+            feature = "clap",
+            arg(short, long, default_value = "+0", allow_negative_numbers = true)
+        )]
+        x: PositionChange,
+
+        /// How to change the Y position.
+        #[cfg_attr(
+            feature = "clap",
+            arg(short, long, default_value = "+0", allow_negative_numbers = true)
+        )]
+        y: PositionChange,
+    },
+    /// Toggle the opacity of a window.
+    #[cfg_attr(
+        feature = "clap",
+        clap(about = "Toggle the opacity of the focused window")
+    )]
+    ToggleWindowRuleOpacity {
+        /// Id of the window.
+        ///
+        /// If `None`, uses the focused window.
+        #[cfg_attr(feature = "clap", arg(long))]
+        id: Option<u64>,
+    },
 }

 /// Change in window or column size.
@@ -426,6 +664,16 @@ pub enum SizeChange {
    AdjustProportion(f64),
 }

+/// Change in floating window position.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "json-schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+pub enum PositionChange {
+    /// Set the position in logical pixels.
+    SetFixed(f64),
+    /// Add or subtract to the current position in logical pixels.
+    AdjustFixed(f64),
+}
+
 /// Workspace reference (id, index or name) to operate on.
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "json-schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
@@ -446,6 +694,18 @@ pub enum LayoutSwitchTarget {
    Next,
    /// The previous configured layout.
    Prev,
+    /// The specific layout by index.
+    Index(u8),
+}
+
+/// How windows display in a column.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "json-schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+pub enum ColumnDisplay {
+    /// Windows are tiled vertically across the working area height.
+    Normal,
+    /// Windows are in tabs.
+    Tabbed,
 }

 /// Output actions that niri can perform.
@@ -681,12 +941,21 @@ pub struct Window {
    pub title: Option<String>,
    /// Application ID, if set.
    pub app_id: Option<String>,
+    /// Process ID that created the Wayland connection for this window, if known.
+    ///
+    /// Currently, windows created by xdg-desktop-portal-gnome will have a `None` PID, but this may
+    /// change in the future.
+    pub pid: Option<i32>,
    /// Id of the workspace this window is on, if any.
    pub workspace_id: Option<u64>,
    /// Whether this window is currently focused.
    ///
    /// There can be either one focused window or zero (e.g. when a layer-shell surface has focus).
    pub is_focused: bool,
+    /// Whether this window is currently floating.
+    ///
+    /// If the window isn't floating then it is in the tiling layout.
+    pub is_floating: bool,
 }

 /// Output configuration change result.
@@ -748,6 +1017,46 @@ pub struct KeyboardLayouts {
    pub current_idx: u8,
 }

+/// A layer-shell layer.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "json-schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+pub enum Layer {
+    /// The background layer.
+    Background,
+    /// The bottom layer.
+    Bottom,
+    /// The top layer.
+    Top,
+    /// The overlay layer.
+    Overlay,
+}
+
+/// Keyboard interactivity modes for a layer-shell surface.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "json-schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+pub enum LayerSurfaceKeyboardInteractivity {
+    /// Surface cannot receive keyboard focus.
+    None,
+    /// Surface receives keyboard focus whenever possible.
+    Exclusive,
+    /// Surface receives keyboard focus on demand, e.g. when clicked.
+    OnDemand,
+}
+
+/// A layer-shell surface.
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "json-schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
+pub struct LayerSurface {
+    /// Namespace provided by the layer-shell client.
+    pub namespace: String,
+    /// Name of the output the surface is on.
+    pub output: String,
+    /// Layer that the surface is on.
+    pub layer: Layer,
+    /// The surface's keyboard interactivity mode.
+    pub keyboard_interactivity: LayerSurfaceKeyboardInteractivity,
+}
+
 /// A compositor event.
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug, Clone)]
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "json-schema", derive(schemars::JsonSchema))]
@@ -877,6 +1186,25 @@ impl FromStr for SizeChange {
    }
 }

+impl FromStr for PositionChange {
+    type Err = &'static str;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let value = s;
+        match value.bytes().next() {
+            Some(b'-' | b'+') => {
+                let value = value.parse().map_err(|_| "error parsing value")?;
+                Ok(Self::AdjustFixed(value))
+            }
+            Some(_) => {
+                let value = value.parse().map_err(|_| "error parsing value")?;
+                Ok(Self::SetFixed(value))
+            }
+            None => Err("value is missing"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl FromStr for LayoutSwitchTarget {
    type Err = &'static str;

@@ -884,7 +1212,22 @@ impl FromStr for LayoutSwitchTarget {
        match s {
            "next" => Ok(Self::Next),
            "prev" => Ok(Self::Prev),
-            _ => Err(r#"invalid layout action, can be "next" or "prev""#),
+            other => match other.parse() {
+                Ok(layout) => Ok(Self::Index(layout)),
+                _ => Err(r#"invalid layout action, can be "next", "prev" or a layout index"#),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for ColumnDisplay {
+    type Err = &'static str;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s {
+            "normal" => Ok(Self::Normal),
+            "tabbed" => Ok(Self::Tabbed),
+            _ => Err(r#"invalid column display, can be "normal" or "tabbed""#),
        }
    }
 }
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ edition.workspace = true
 repository.workspace = true

 [dependencies]
-adw = { version = "0.7.0", package = "libadwaita", features = ["v1_4"] }
+adw = { version = "0.7.1", package = "libadwaita", features = ["v1_4"] }
 anyhow.workspace = true
-gtk = { version = "0.9.2", package = "gtk4", features = ["v4_12"] }
-niri = { version = "0.1.9", path = ".." }
-niri-config = { version = "0.1.9", path = "../niri-config" }
+gtk = { version = "0.9.6", package = "gtk4", features = ["v4_12"] }
+niri = { version = "25.2.0", path = ".." }
+niri-config = { version = "25.2.0", path = "../niri-config" }
 smithay.workspace = true
 tracing.workspace = true
 tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 use std::f32::consts::{FRAC_PI_2, PI};
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::time::Duration;

-use niri::animation::ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN;
 use niri::render_helpers::border::BorderRenderElement;
 use niri_config::{Color, CornerRadius, GradientInterpolation};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientAngle {
    angle: f32,
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ pub struct GradientAngle {
 }

 impl GradientAngle {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            angle: 0.,
            prev_time: Duration::ZERO,
@@ -31,20 +29,13 @@ impl TestCase for GradientAngle {
    }

    fn advance_animations(&mut self, current_time: Duration) {
-        let mut delta = if self.prev_time.is_zero() {
+        let delta = if self.prev_time.is_zero() {
            Duration::ZERO
        } else {
            current_time.saturating_sub(self.prev_time)
        };
        self.prev_time = current_time;

-        let slowdown = ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
-        if slowdown == 0. {
-            delta = Duration::ZERO
-        } else {
-            delta = delta.div_f64(slowdown);
-        }
-
        self.angle += delta.as_secs_f32() * PI;

        if self.angle >= PI * 2. {
@@ -59,19 +50,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientAngle {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 4, size.h / 4);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            GradientInterpolation::default(),
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 1.),
            self.angle - FRAC_PI_2,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 use std::f32::consts::{FRAC_PI_4, PI};
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 use std::time::Duration;

-use niri::animation::ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN;
 use niri::layout::focus_ring::FocusRing;
 use niri::render_helpers::border::BorderRenderElement;
 use niri_config::{Color, CornerRadius, FloatOrInt, GradientInterpolation};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientArea {
    progress: f32,
@@ -19,7 +17,7 @@ pub struct GradientArea {
 }

 impl GradientArea {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        let border = FocusRing::new(niri_config::FocusRing {
            off: false,
            width: FloatOrInt(1.),
@@ -43,20 +41,13 @@ impl TestCase for GradientArea {
    }

    fn advance_animations(&mut self, current_time: Duration) {
-        let mut delta = if self.prev_time.is_zero() {
+        let delta = if self.prev_time.is_zero() {
            Duration::ZERO
        } else {
            current_time.saturating_sub(self.prev_time)
        };
        self.prev_time = current_time;

-        let slowdown = ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
-        if slowdown == 0. {
-            delta = Duration::ZERO
-        } else {
-            delta = delta.div_f64(slowdown);
-        }
-
        self.progress += delta.as_secs_f32() * PI;

        if self.progress >= PI * 2. {
@@ -74,8 +65,8 @@ impl TestCase for GradientArea {
        let f = (self.progress.sin() + 1.) / 2.;

        let (a, b) = (size.w / 4, size.h / 4);
-        let rect_size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), rect_size).to_f64();
+        let rect_size = Size::from((size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2));
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), rect_size).to_f64();

        let g_size = Size::from((
            (size.w as f32 / 8. + size.w as f32 / 8. * 7. * f).round() as i32,
@@ -83,7 +74,7 @@ impl TestCase for GradientArea {
        ));
        let g_loc = Point::from(((size.w - g_size.w) / 2, (size.h - g_size.h) / 2)).to_f64();
        let g_size = g_size.to_f64();
-        let mut g_area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(g_loc, g_size);
+        let mut g_area = Rectangle::new(g_loc, g_size);
        g_area.loc -= area.loc;

        self.border.update_render_elements(
@@ -93,6 +84,7 @@ impl TestCase for GradientArea {
            Rectangle::default(),
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        );
        rv.extend(
            self.border
@@ -108,10 +100,11 @@ impl TestCase for GradientArea {
                Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
                Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 1.),
                FRAC_PI_4,
-                Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), rect_size).to_f64(),
+                Rectangle::from_size(rect_size).to_f64(),
                0.,
                CornerRadius::default(),
                1.,
+                1.,
            )
            .with_location(area.loc)]
            .into_iter()
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ use niri_config::{
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientOklab {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientOklab {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::Oklab,
@@ -31,19 +31,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientOklab {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 1.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ use niri::render_helpers::border::BorderRenderElement;
 use niri_config::{Color, CornerRadius, GradientColorSpace, GradientInterpolation};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientOklabAlpha {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientOklabAlpha {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::Oklab,
@@ -29,19 +29,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientOklabAlpha {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 0.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ use niri_config::{
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientOklchAlpha {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientOklchAlpha {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::Oklch,
@@ -31,19 +31,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientOklchAlpha {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 0.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ use niri_config::{
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientOklchDecreasing {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientOklchDecreasing {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::Oklch,
@@ -31,19 +31,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientOklchDecreasing {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 1.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ use niri_config::{
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientOklchIncreasing {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientOklchIncreasing {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::Oklch,
@@ -31,19 +31,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientOklchIncreasing {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 1.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ use niri_config::{
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientOklchLonger {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientOklchLonger {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::Oklch,
@@ -31,19 +31,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientOklchLonger {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 1.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ use niri_config::{
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientOklchShorter {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientOklchShorter {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::Oklch,
@@ -31,19 +31,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientOklchShorter {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 1.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ use niri_config::{
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientSrgb {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientSrgb {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::Srgb,
@@ -31,19 +31,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientSrgb {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 1.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ use niri::render_helpers::border::BorderRenderElement;
 use niri_config::{Color, CornerRadius, GradientColorSpace, GradientInterpolation};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientSrgbAlpha {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientSrgbAlpha {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::Srgb,
@@ -29,19 +29,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientSrgbAlpha {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 0.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -4,16 +4,16 @@ use niri_config::{
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientSrgbLinear {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientSrgbLinear {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::SrgbLinear,
@@ -31,19 +31,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientSrgbLinear {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 1.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -2,16 +2,16 @@ use niri::render_helpers::border::BorderRenderElement;
 use niri_config::{Color, CornerRadius, GradientColorSpace, GradientInterpolation};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};

 pub struct GradientSrgbLinearAlpha {
    gradient_format: GradientInterpolation,
 }

 impl GradientSrgbLinearAlpha {
-    pub fn new(_size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(_args: Args) -> Self {
        Self {
            gradient_format: GradientInterpolation {
                color_space: GradientColorSpace::SrgbLinear,
@@ -29,19 +29,20 @@ impl TestCase for GradientSrgbLinearAlpha {
    ) -> Vec<Box<dyn RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>> {
        let (a, b) = (size.w / 6, size.h / 3);
        let size = (size.w - a * 2, size.h - b * 2);
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((a, b), size).to_f64();
+        let area = Rectangle::new(Point::from((a, b)), Size::from(size)).to_f64();

        [BorderRenderElement::new(
            area.size,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            self.gradient_format,
            Color::new_unpremul(1., 0., 0., 1.),
            Color::new_unpremul(0., 1., 0., 0.),
            0.,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), area.size),
+            Rectangle::from_size(area.size),
            0.,
            CornerRadius::default(),
            1.,
+            1.,
        )
        .with_location(area.loc)]
        .into_iter()
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::time::Duration;

-use niri::layout::workspace::ColumnWidth;
-use niri::layout::{LayoutElement as _, Options};
+use niri::animation::Clock;
+use niri::layout::{ActivateWindow, AddWindowTarget, LayoutElement as _, Options};
 use niri::render_helpers::RenderTarget;
-use niri::utils::get_monotonic_time;
-use niri_config::{Color, FloatOrInt, OutputName};
+use niri_config::{Color, FloatOrInt, OutputName, PresetSize};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
 use smithay::desktop::layer_map_for_output;
 use smithay::output::{Mode, Output, PhysicalProperties, Subpixel};
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};
 use crate::test_window::TestWindow;

 type DynStepFn = Box<dyn FnOnce(&mut Layout)>;
@@ -20,13 +19,16 @@ type DynStepFn = Box<dyn FnOnce(&mut Layout)>;
 pub struct Layout {
    output: Output,
    windows: Vec<TestWindow>,
+    clock: Clock,
    layout: niri::layout::Layout<TestWindow>,
    start_time: Duration,
    steps: HashMap<Duration, DynStepFn>,
 }

 impl Layout {
-    pub fn new(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(args: Args) -> Self {
+        let Args { size, clock } = args;
+
        let output = Output::new(
            String::new(),
            PhysicalProperties {
@@ -63,41 +65,44 @@ impl Layout {
            },
            ..Default::default()
        };
-        let mut layout = niri::layout::Layout::with_options(options);
+        let mut layout = niri::layout::Layout::with_options(clock.clone(), options);
        layout.add_output(output.clone());

+        let start_time = clock.now_unadjusted();
+
        Self {
            output,
            windows: Vec::new(),
+            clock,
            layout,
-            start_time: get_monotonic_time(),
+            start_time,
            steps: HashMap::new(),
        }
    }

-    pub fn open_in_between(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
-        let mut rv = Self::new(size);
+    pub fn open_in_between(args: Args) -> Self {
+        let mut rv = Self::new(args);

-        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(0), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.3)));
-        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(1), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.3)));
+        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(0), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.3)));
+        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(1), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.3)));
        rv.layout.activate_window(&0);

        rv.add_step(500, |l| {
            let win = TestWindow::freeform(2);
-            l.add_window(win.clone(), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.3)));
+            l.add_window(win.clone(), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.3)));
            l.layout.start_open_animation_for_window(win.id());
        });

        rv
    }

-    pub fn open_multiple_quickly(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
-        let mut rv = Self::new(size);
+    pub fn open_multiple_quickly(args: Args) -> Self {
+        let mut rv = Self::new(args);

        for delay in [100, 200, 300] {
            rv.add_step(delay, move |l| {
                let win = TestWindow::freeform(delay as usize);
-                l.add_window(win.clone(), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.3)));
+                l.add_window(win.clone(), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.3)));
                l.layout.start_open_animation_for_window(win.id());
            });
        }
@@ -105,13 +110,13 @@ impl Layout {
        rv
    }

-    pub fn open_multiple_quickly_big(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
-        let mut rv = Self::new(size);
+    pub fn open_multiple_quickly_big(args: Args) -> Self {
+        let mut rv = Self::new(args);

        for delay in [100, 200, 300] {
            rv.add_step(delay, move |l| {
                let win = TestWindow::freeform(delay as usize);
-                l.add_window(win.clone(), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.5)));
+                l.add_window(win.clone(), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.5)));
                l.layout.start_open_animation_for_window(win.id());
            });
        }
@@ -119,44 +124,58 @@ impl Layout {
        rv
    }

-    pub fn open_to_the_left(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
-        let mut rv = Self::new(size);
+    pub fn open_to_the_left(args: Args) -> Self {
+        let mut rv = Self::new(args);

-        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(0), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.3)));
-        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(1), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.3)));
+        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(0), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.3)));
+        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(1), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.3)));

        rv.add_step(500, |l| {
            let win = TestWindow::freeform(2);
            let right_of = l.windows[0].clone();
-            l.add_window_right_of(&right_of, win.clone(), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.3)));
+            l.add_window_right_of(&right_of, win.clone(), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.3)));
            l.layout.start_open_animation_for_window(win.id());
        });

        rv
    }

-    pub fn open_to_the_left_big(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
-        let mut rv = Self::new(size);
+    pub fn open_to_the_left_big(args: Args) -> Self {
+        let mut rv = Self::new(args);

-        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(0), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.3)));
-        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(1), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.8)));
+        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(0), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.3)));
+        rv.add_window(TestWindow::freeform(1), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.8)));

        rv.add_step(500, |l| {
            let win = TestWindow::freeform(2);
            let right_of = l.windows[0].clone();
-            l.add_window_right_of(&right_of, win.clone(), Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(0.5)));
+            l.add_window_right_of(&right_of, win.clone(), Some(PresetSize::Proportion(0.5)));
            l.layout.start_open_animation_for_window(win.id());
        });

        rv
    }

-    fn add_window(&mut self, mut window: TestWindow, width: Option<ColumnWidth>) {
+    fn add_window(&mut self, mut window: TestWindow, width: Option<PresetSize>) {
        let ws = self.layout.active_workspace().unwrap();
-        window.request_size(ws.new_window_size(width, window.rules()), false, None);
+        let min_size = window.min_size();
+        let max_size = window.max_size();
+        window.request_size(
+            ws.new_window_size(width, None, false, window.rules(), (min_size, max_size)),
+            false,
+            None,
+        );
        window.communicate();

-        self.layout.add_window(window.clone(), width, false);
+        self.layout.add_window(
+            window.clone(),
+            AddWindowTarget::Auto,
+            width,
+            None,
+            false,
+            false,
+            ActivateWindow::default(),
+        );
        self.windows.push(window);
    }

@@ -164,14 +183,27 @@ impl Layout {
        &mut self,
        right_of: &TestWindow,
        mut window: TestWindow,
-        width: Option<ColumnWidth>,
+        width: Option<PresetSize>,
    ) {
        let ws = self.layout.active_workspace().unwrap();
-        window.request_size(ws.new_window_size(width, window.rules()), false, None);
+        let min_size = window.min_size();
+        let max_size = window.max_size();
+        window.request_size(
+            ws.new_window_size(width, None, false, window.rules(), (min_size, max_size)),
+            false,
+            None,
+        );
        window.communicate();

-        self.layout
-            .add_window_right_of(right_of.id(), window.clone(), width, false);
+        self.layout.add_window(
+            window.clone(),
+            AddWindowTarget::NextTo(right_of.id()),
+            width,
+            None,
+            false,
+            false,
+            ActivateWindow::default(),
+        );
        self.windows.push(window);
    }

@@ -201,22 +233,25 @@ impl TestCase for Layout {
        self.layout.are_animations_ongoing(Some(&self.output)) || !self.steps.is_empty()
    }

-    fn advance_animations(&mut self, mut current_time: Duration) {
+    fn advance_animations(&mut self, _current_time: Duration) {
+        let now_unadjusted = self.clock.now_unadjusted();
        let run = self
            .steps
            .keys()
            .copied()
-            .filter(|delay| self.start_time + *delay <= current_time)
+            .filter(|delay| self.start_time + *delay <= now_unadjusted)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        for key in &run {
-            let f = self.steps.remove(key).unwrap();
+        for delay in &run {
+            let now = self.start_time + *delay;
+            self.clock.set_unadjusted(now);
+            self.layout.advance_animations();
+
+            let f = self.steps.remove(delay).unwrap();
            f(self);
        }
-        if !run.is_empty() {
-            current_time = get_monotonic_time();
-        }

-        self.layout.advance_animations(current_time);
+        self.clock.set_unadjusted(now_unadjusted);
+        self.layout.advance_animations();
    }

    fn render(
@@ -228,7 +263,7 @@ impl TestCase for Layout {
        self.layout
            .monitor_for_output(&self.output)
            .unwrap()
-            .render_elements(renderer, RenderTarget::Output)
+            .render_elements(renderer, RenderTarget::Output, true)
            .map(|elem| Box::new(elem) as _)
            .collect()
    }
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use std::time::Duration;

+use niri::animation::Clock;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Physical, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Size};

 pub mod gradient_angle;
 pub mod gradient_area;
@@ -21,6 +22,11 @@ pub mod layout;
 pub mod tile;
 pub mod window;

+pub struct Args {
+    pub size: Size<i32, Logical>,
+    pub clock: Clock,
+}
+
 pub trait TestCase {
    fn resize(&mut self, _width: i32, _height: i32) {}
    fn are_animations_ongoing(&self) -> bool {
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use niri::render_helpers::RenderTarget;
 use niri_config::{Color, FloatOrInt};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};
 use crate::test_window::TestWindow;

 pub struct Tile {
@@ -17,53 +17,46 @@ pub struct Tile {
 }

 impl Tile {
-    pub fn freeform(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn freeform(args: Args) -> Self {
        let window = TestWindow::freeform(0);
-        let mut rv = Self::with_window(window);
-        rv.tile.request_tile_size(size.to_f64(), false, None);
-        rv.window.communicate();
-        rv
+        Self::with_window(args, window)
    }

-    pub fn fixed_size(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn fixed_size(args: Args) -> Self {
        let window = TestWindow::fixed_size(0);
-        let mut rv = Self::with_window(window);
-        rv.tile.request_tile_size(size.to_f64(), false, None);
-        rv.window.communicate();
-        rv
+        Self::with_window(args, window)
    }

-    pub fn fixed_size_with_csd_shadow(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn fixed_size_with_csd_shadow(args: Args) -> Self {
        let window = TestWindow::fixed_size(0);
        window.set_csd_shadow_width(64);
-        let mut rv = Self::with_window(window);
-        rv.tile.request_tile_size(size.to_f64(), false, None);
-        rv.window.communicate();
-        rv
+        Self::with_window(args, window)
    }

-    pub fn freeform_open(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
-        let mut rv = Self::freeform(size);
+    pub fn freeform_open(args: Args) -> Self {
+        let mut rv = Self::freeform(args);
        rv.window.set_color([0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.]);
        rv.tile.start_open_animation();
        rv
    }

-    pub fn fixed_size_open(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
-        let mut rv = Self::fixed_size(size);
+    pub fn fixed_size_open(args: Args) -> Self {
+        let mut rv = Self::fixed_size(args);
        rv.window.set_color([0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.]);
        rv.tile.start_open_animation();
        rv
    }

-    pub fn fixed_size_with_csd_shadow_open(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
-        let mut rv = Self::fixed_size_with_csd_shadow(size);
+    pub fn fixed_size_with_csd_shadow_open(args: Args) -> Self {
+        let mut rv = Self::fixed_size_with_csd_shadow(args);
        rv.window.set_color([0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1.]);
        rv.tile.start_open_animation();
        rv
    }

-    pub fn with_window(window: TestWindow) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_window(args: Args, window: TestWindow) -> Self {
+        let Args { size, clock } = args;
+
        let options = Options {
            focus_ring: niri_config::FocusRing {
                off: true,
@@ -77,15 +70,28 @@ impl Tile {
            },
            ..Default::default()
        };
-        let tile = niri::layout::tile::Tile::new(window.clone(), 1., Rc::new(options));
+
+        let mut tile = niri::layout::tile::Tile::new(
+            window.clone(),
+            size.to_f64(),
+            1.,
+            clock,
+            Rc::new(options),
+        );
+
+        tile.request_tile_size(size.to_f64(), false, None);
+        window.communicate();
+
        Self { window, tile }
    }
 }

 impl TestCase for Tile {
    fn resize(&mut self, width: i32, height: i32) {
+        let size = Size::from((width, height)).to_f64();
        self.tile
-            .request_tile_size(Size::from((width, height)).to_f64(), false, None);
+            .update_config(size, 1., self.tile.options().clone());
+        self.tile.request_tile_size(size, false, None);
        self.window.communicate();
    }

@@ -93,8 +99,8 @@ impl TestCase for Tile {
        self.tile.are_animations_ongoing()
    }

-    fn advance_animations(&mut self, current_time: Duration) {
-        self.tile.advance_animations(current_time);
+    fn advance_animations(&mut self, _current_time: Duration) {
+        self.tile.advance_animations();
    }

    fn render(
@@ -106,9 +112,9 @@ impl TestCase for Tile {
        let tile_size = self.tile.tile_size().to_physical(1.);
        let location = Point::from((size.w - tile_size.w, size.h - tile_size.h)).downscale(2.);

-        self.tile.update(
+        self.tile.update_render_elements(
            true,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((-location.x, -location.y), size.to_logical(1.)),
+            Rectangle::new(Point::from((-location.x, -location.y)), size.to_logical(1.)),
        );
        self.tile
            .render(
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ use niri::layout::LayoutElement;
 use niri::render_helpers::RenderTarget;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElement;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Physical, Point, Scale, Size};
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Scale, Size};

-use super::TestCase;
+use super::{Args, TestCase};
 use crate::test_window::TestWindow;

 pub struct Window {
@@ -12,24 +12,24 @@ pub struct Window {
 }

 impl Window {
-    pub fn freeform(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn freeform(args: Args) -> Self {
        let mut window = TestWindow::freeform(0);
-        window.request_size(size, false, None);
+        window.request_size(args.size, false, None);
        window.communicate();
        Self { window }
    }

-    pub fn fixed_size(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn fixed_size(args: Args) -> Self {
        let mut window = TestWindow::fixed_size(0);
-        window.request_size(size, false, None);
+        window.request_size(args.size, false, None);
        window.communicate();
        Self { window }
    }

-    pub fn fixed_size_with_csd_shadow(size: Size<i32, Logical>) -> Self {
+    pub fn fixed_size_with_csd_shadow(args: Args) -> Self {
        let mut window = TestWindow::fixed_size(0);
        window.set_csd_shadow_width(64);
-        window.request_size(size, false, None);
+        window.request_size(args.size, false, None);
        window.communicate();
        Self { window }
    }
@@ -2,15 +2,11 @@
 extern crate tracing;

 use std::env;
-use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;

 use adw::prelude::{AdwApplicationWindowExt, NavigationPageExt};
-use gtk::prelude::{
-    AdjustmentExt, ApplicationExt, ApplicationExtManual, BoxExt, GtkWindowExt, WidgetExt,
-};
+use cases::Args;
+use gtk::prelude::{ApplicationExt, ApplicationExtManual, BoxExt, GtkWindowExt, WidgetExt};
 use gtk::{gdk, gio, glib};
-use niri::animation::ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Size};
 use smithay_view::SmithayView;
 use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;

@@ -66,24 +62,23 @@ fn on_startup(_app: &adw::Application) {

 fn build_ui(app: &adw::Application) {
    let stack = gtk::Stack::new();
+    let anim_adjustment = gtk::Adjustment::new(1., 0., 10., 0.1, 0.5, 0.);

    struct S {
        stack: gtk::Stack,
+        anim_adjustment: gtk::Adjustment,
    }

    impl S {
-        fn add<T: TestCase + 'static>(
-            &self,
-            make: impl Fn(Size<i32, Logical>) -> T + 'static,
-            title: &str,
-        ) {
-            let view = SmithayView::new(make);
+        fn add<T: TestCase + 'static>(&self, make: impl Fn(Args) -> T + 'static, title: &str) {
+            let view = SmithayView::new(make, &self.anim_adjustment);
            self.stack.add_titled(&view, None, title);
        }
    }

    let s = S {
        stack: stack.clone(),
+        anim_adjustment: anim_adjustment.clone(),
    };

    s.add(Window::freeform, "Freeform Window");
@@ -137,9 +132,6 @@ fn build_ui(app: &adw::Application) {

    let content_headerbar = adw::HeaderBar::new();

-    let anim_adjustment = gtk::Adjustment::new(1., 0., 10., 0.1, 0.5, 0.);
-    anim_adjustment
-        .connect_value_changed(|adj| ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN.store(adj.value(), Ordering::SeqCst));
    let anim_scale = gtk::Scale::new(gtk::Orientation::Horizontal, Some(&anim_adjustment));
    anim_scale.set_hexpand(true);

@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 use gtk::glib;
+use gtk::prelude::*;
 use gtk::subclass::prelude::*;
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Size};
+use smithay::utils::Size;

-use crate::cases::TestCase;
+use crate::cases::{Args, TestCase};

 mod imp {
    use std::cell::{Cell, OnceCell, RefCell};
    use std::ptr::null;
+    use std::time::Duration;

    use anyhow::{ensure, Context};
    use gtk::gdk;
    use gtk::prelude::*;
+    use niri::animation::Clock;
    use niri::render_helpers::{resources, shaders};
-    use niri::utils::get_monotonic_time;
    use smithay::backend::egl::ffi::egl;
    use smithay::backend::egl::EGLContext;
    use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ mod imp {

    use super::*;

-    type DynMakeTestCase = Box<dyn Fn(Size<i32, Logical>) -> Box<dyn TestCase>>;
+    type DynMakeTestCase = Box<dyn Fn(Args) -> Box<dyn TestCase>>;

    #[derive(Default)]
    pub struct SmithayView {
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ mod imp {
        renderer: RefCell<Option<Result<GlesRenderer, ()>>>,
        pub make_test_case: OnceCell<DynMakeTestCase>,
        test_case: RefCell<Option<Box<dyn TestCase>>>,
+        pub clock: RefCell<Clock>,
    }

    #[glib::object_subclass]
@@ -125,16 +128,24 @@ mod imp {

            let size = self.size.get();

+            let frame_clock = self.obj().frame_clock().unwrap();
+            let time = Duration::from_micros(frame_clock.frame_time() as u64);
+            self.clock.borrow_mut().set_unadjusted(time);
+
            // Create the test case if missing.
            let mut case = self.test_case.borrow_mut();
            let case = case.get_or_insert_with(|| {
                let make = self.make_test_case.get().unwrap();
-                make(Size::from(size))
+                let args = Args {
+                    size: Size::from(size),
+                    clock: self.clock.borrow().clone(),
+                };
+                make(args)
            });

-            case.advance_animations(get_monotonic_time());
+            case.advance_animations(self.clock.borrow_mut().now());

-            let rect: Rectangle<i32, Physical> = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), size);
+            let rect: Rectangle<i32, Physical> = Rectangle::from_size(Size::from(size));

            let elements = unsafe {
                with_framebuffer_save_restore(renderer, |renderer| {
@@ -233,14 +244,32 @@ glib::wrapper! {

 impl SmithayView {
    pub fn new<T: TestCase + 'static>(
-        make_test_case: impl Fn(Size<i32, Logical>) -> T + 'static,
+        make_test_case: impl Fn(Args) -> T + 'static,
+        anim_adjustment: &gtk::Adjustment,
    ) -> Self {
        let obj: Self = glib::Object::builder().build();

-        let make = move |size| Box::new(make_test_case(size)) as Box<dyn TestCase>;
+        let make = move |args| Box::new(make_test_case(args)) as Box<dyn TestCase>;
        let make_test_case = Box::new(make) as _;
        let _ = obj.imp().make_test_case.set(make_test_case);

+        anim_adjustment.connect_value_changed({
+            let obj = obj.downgrade();
+            move |adj| {
+                if let Some(obj) = obj.upgrade() {
+                    let mut clock = obj.imp().clock.borrow_mut();
+                    let instantly = adj.value() == 0.0;
+                    let rate = if instantly {
+                        1.0
+                    } else {
+                        1.0 / adj.value().max(0.001)
+                    };
+                    clock.set_rate(rate);
+                    clock.set_complete_instantly(instantly);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
        obj
    }
 }
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ impl LayoutElement for TestWindow {
        self.inner.borrow_mut().pending_fullscreen = false;
    }

-    fn request_fullscreen(&self, _size: Size<i32, Logical>) {
+    fn request_fullscreen(&mut self, _size: Size<i32, Logical>) {
        self.inner.borrow_mut().pending_fullscreen = true;
    }

@@ -220,8 +220,14 @@ impl LayoutElement for TestWindow {

    fn set_active_in_column(&mut self, _active: bool) {}

+    fn set_floating(&mut self, _floating: bool) {}
+
    fn set_bounds(&self, _bounds: Size<i32, Logical>) {}

+    fn is_ignoring_opacity_window_rule(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
    fn configure_intent(&self) -> ConfigureIntent {
        ConfigureIntent::CanSend
    }
@@ -240,6 +246,10 @@ impl LayoutElement for TestWindow {
        self.inner.borrow().requested_size
    }

+    fn is_child_of(&self, _parent: &Self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
    fn refresh(&self) {}

    fn rules(&self) -> &ResolvedWindowRules {
@@ -259,7 +269,7 @@ impl LayoutElement for TestWindow {

    fn cancel_interactive_resize(&mut self) {}

-    fn update_interactive_resize(&mut self, _serial: Serial) {}
+    fn on_commit(&mut self, _serial: Serial) {}

    fn interactive_resize_data(&self) -> Option<InteractiveResizeData> {
        None
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ Summary:        Scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor

 SourceLicense:  GPL-3.0-or-later

-# (MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND BSD-3-Clause
 # 0BSD OR MIT OR Apache-2.0
 # Apache-2.0
 # Apache-2.0 OR BSL-1.0
@@ -41,18 +40,21 @@ SourceLicense:  GPL-3.0-or-later
 # Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT
 # BSD-2-Clause
 # BSD-2-Clause OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT
-# BSD-3-Clause
 # BSD-3-Clause OR MIT OR Apache-2.0
 # GPL-3.0-or-later
 # ISC
 # MIT
+# MIT AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0)
 # MIT OR Apache-2.0
+# (MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND BSD-3-Clause
+# (MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND Unicode-3.0
 # MIT OR Apache-2.0 OR Zlib
 # MIT OR Zlib OR Apache-2.0
 # MPL-2.0
+# Unicode-3.0
 # Unlicense OR MIT
 # Zlib OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT
-License:        ((MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND BSD-3-Clause) AND (0BSD OR MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND (Apache-2.0) AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSL-1.0) AND (Apache-2.0 OR MIT) AND (Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT) AND (BSD-2-Clause) AND (BSD-2-Clause OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT) AND (BSD-3-Clause) AND (BSD-3-Clause OR MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND (GPL-3.0-or-later) AND (ISC) AND (MIT) AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0 OR Zlib) AND (MIT OR Zlib OR Apache-2.0) AND (MPL-2.0) AND (Unlicense OR MIT) AND (Zlib OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+License:        (0BSD OR MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND (Apache-2.0) AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSL-1.0) AND (Apache-2.0 OR MIT) AND (Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT) AND (BSD-2-Clause) AND (BSD-2-Clause OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT) AND (BSD-3-Clause OR MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND (GPL-3.0-or-later) AND (ISC) AND (MIT) AND (MIT AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0)) AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND ((MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND BSD-3-Clause) AND ((MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND Unicode-3.0) AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0 OR Zlib) AND (MIT OR Zlib OR Apache-2.0) AND (MPL-2.0) AND (Unicode-3.0) AND (Unlicense OR MIT) AND (Zlib OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT) License:        ((MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND BSD-3-Clause) AND (0BSD OR MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND (Apache-2.0) AND (Apache-2.0 OR BSL-1.0) AND (Apache-2.0 OR MIT) AND (Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT) AND (BSD-2-Clause) AND (BSD-2-Clause OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT) AND (BSD-3-Clause) AND (BSD-3-Clause OR MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND (GPL-3.0-or-later) AND (ISC) AND (MIT) AND (MIT AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0)) AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0) AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0 OR Zlib) AND (MIT OR Zlib OR Apache-2.0) AND (MPL-2.0) AND (Unicode-3.0) AND (Unlicense OR MIT) AND (Zlib OR Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
 # LICENSE.dependencies contains a full license breakdown

 URL:            https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri
@@ -101,10 +103,6 @@ Opening a new window never causes existing windows to resize.
 %prep
 {{{ git_dir_setup_macro }}}

-# Make the version log message look nicer: since we're building not from niri's git repository,
-# the git version macro will show its fallback string.
-sed -i 's/"unknown commit"/"%{version}"/' src/utils/mod.rs
-
 %cargo_prep -N

 # We're doing an online build.
@@ -113,6 +111,9 @@ sed -i 's/^offline = true$//' .cargo/config.toml
 # Final step in leaving alone our debug settings.
 sed -i 's/.*please-remove-me$//' .cargo/config.toml

+# Set the commit string.
+sed -i 's/\[env\]/[env]\nNIRI_BUILD_COMMIT="%{version}"/' .cargo/config.toml
+
 %build
 %cargo_build

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ input {
        tap
        // dwt
        // dwtp
+        // drag-lock
        natural-scroll
        // accel-speed 0.2
        // accel-profile "flat"
@@ -191,6 +192,43 @@ layout {
        // inactive-gradient from="#505050" to="#808080" angle=45 relative-to="workspace-view"
    }

+    // You can enable drop shadows for windows.
+    shadow {
+        // Uncomment the next line to enable shadows.
+        // on
+
+        // By default, the shadow draws only around its window, and not behind it.
+        // Uncomment this setting to make the shadow draw behind its window.
+        //
+        // Note that niri has no way of knowing about the CSD window corner
+        // radius. It has to assume that windows have square corners, leading to
+        // shadow artifacts inside the CSD rounded corners. This setting fixes
+        // those artifacts.
+        // 
+        // However, instead you may want to set prefer-no-csd and/or
+        // geometry-corner-radius. Then, niri will know the corner radius and
+        // draw the shadow correctly, without having to draw it behind the
+        // window. These will also remove client-side shadows if the window
+        // draws any.
+        // 
+        // draw-behind-window true
+
+        // You can change how shadows look. The values below are in logical
+        // pixels and match the CSS box-shadow properties.
+
+        // Softness controls the shadow blur radius.
+        softness 30
+
+        // Spread expands the shadow.
+        spread 5
+
+        // Offset moves the shadow relative to the window.
+        offset x=0 y=5
+
+        // You can also change the shadow color and opacity.
+        color "#0007"
+    }
+
    // Struts shrink the area occupied by windows, similarly to layer-shell panels.
    // You can think of them as a kind of outer gaps. They are set in logical pixels.
    // Left and right struts will cause the next window to the side to always be visible.
@@ -250,6 +288,15 @@ window-rule {
    default-column-width {}
 }

+// Open the Firefox picture-in-picture player as floating by default.
+window-rule {
+    // This app-id regular expression will work for both:
+    // - host Firefox (app-id is "firefox")
+    // - Flatpak Firefox (app-id is "org.mozilla.firefox")
+    match app-id=r#"firefox$"# title="^Picture-in-Picture$"
+    open-floating true
+}
+
 // Example: block out two password managers from screen capture.
 // (This example rule is commented out with a "/-" in front.)
 /-window-rule {
@@ -441,20 +488,27 @@ binds {
    // Switches focus between the current and the previous workspace.
    // Mod+Tab { focus-workspace-previous; }

-    // Consume one window from the right into the focused column.
-    Mod+Comma  { consume-window-into-column; }
-    // Expel one window from the focused column to the right.
-    Mod+Period { expel-window-from-column; }
-
-    // There are also commands that consume or expel a single window to the side.
+    // The following binds move the focused window in and out of a column.
+    // If the window is alone, they will consume it into the nearby column to the side.
+    // If the window is already in a column, they will expel it out.
    Mod+BracketLeft  { consume-or-expel-window-left; }
    Mod+BracketRight { consume-or-expel-window-right; }

+    // Consume one window from the right to the bottom of the focused column.
+    Mod+Comma  { consume-window-into-column; }
+    // Expel the bottom window from the focused column to the right.
+    Mod+Period { expel-window-from-column; }
+
    Mod+R { switch-preset-column-width; }
    Mod+Shift+R { switch-preset-window-height; }
    Mod+Ctrl+R { reset-window-height; }
    Mod+F { maximize-column; }
    Mod+Shift+F { fullscreen-window; }
+
+    // Expand the focused column to space not taken up by other fully visible columns.
+    // Makes the column "fill the rest of the space".
+    Mod+Ctrl+F { expand-column-to-available-width; }
+
    Mod+C { center-column; }

    // Finer width adjustments.
@@ -472,6 +526,15 @@ binds {
    Mod+Shift+Minus { set-window-height "-10%"; }
    Mod+Shift+Equal { set-window-height "+10%"; }

+    // Move the focused window between the floating and the tiling layout.
+    Mod+V       { toggle-window-floating; }
+    Mod+Shift+V { switch-focus-between-floating-and-tiling; }
+
+    // Toggle tabbed column display mode.
+    // Windows in this column will appear as vertical tabs,
+    // rather than stacked on top of each other.
+    Mod+W { toggle-column-tabbed-display; }
+
    // Actions to switch layouts.
    // Note: if you uncomment these, make sure you do NOT have
    // a matching layout switch hotkey configured in xkb options above.
@@ -484,8 +547,19 @@ binds {
    Ctrl+Print { screenshot-screen; }
    Alt+Print { screenshot-window; }

+    // Applications such as remote-desktop clients and software KVM switches may
+    // request that niri stops processing the keyboard shortcuts defined here
+    // so they may, for example, forward the key presses as-is to a remote machine.
+    // It's a good idea to bind an escape hatch to toggle the inhibitor,
+    // so a buggy application can't hold your session hostage.
+    //
+    // The allow-inhibiting=false property can be applied to other binds as well,
+    // which ensures niri always processes them, even when an inhibitor is active.
+    Mod+Escape allow-inhibiting=false { toggle-keyboard-shortcuts-inhibit; }
+
    // The quit action will show a confirmation dialog to avoid accidental exits.
    Mod+Shift+E { quit; }
+    Ctrl+Alt+Delete { quit; }

    // Powers off the monitors. To turn them back on, do any input like
    // moving the mouse or pressing any other key.
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 [preferred]
 default=gnome;gtk;
+org.freedesktop.impl.portal.Access=gtk;
+org.freedesktop.impl.portal.Notification=gtk;
 org.freedesktop.impl.portal.Secret=gnome-keyring;
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ if [ -n "$SHELL" ] &&
 fi

 # Try to detect the service manager that is being used
-if hash systemctl &> /dev/null; then
+if hash systemctl >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    # Make sure there's no already running session.
    if systemctl --user -q is-active niri.service; then
      echo 'A niri session is already running.'
@@ -41,15 +41,15 @@ if hash systemctl &> /dev/null; then

    # Unset environment that we've set.
    systemctl --user unset-environment WAYLAND_DISPLAY XDG_SESSION_TYPE XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP NIRI_SOCKET
-elif hash dinitctl &> /dev/null; then
+elif hash dinitctl >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    # Check that the user dinit daemon is running
-    if ! pgrep -u $(id -u) dinit &> /dev/null; then
+    if ! pgrep -u "$(id -u)" dinit >/dev/null 2>&1; then
      echo "dinit user daemon is not running."
      exit 1
    fi

    # Make sure there's no already running session.
-    if dinitctl --user is-started niri &> /dev/null; then
+    if dinitctl --user is-started niri >/dev/null 2>&1; then
      echo 'A niri session is already running.'
      exit 1
    fi
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use crate::utils::get_monotonic_time;
+
+/// Shareable lazy clock that can change rate.
+///
+/// The clock will fetch the time once and then retain it until explicitly cleared with
+/// [`Clock::clear`].
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct Clock {
+    inner: Rc<RefCell<AdjustableClock>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct LazyClock {
+    time: Option<Duration>,
+}
+
+/// Clock that can adjust its rate.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct AdjustableClock {
+    inner: LazyClock,
+    current_time: Duration,
+    last_seen_time: Duration,
+    rate: f64,
+    complete_instantly: bool,
+}
+
+impl Clock {
+    /// Creates a new clock with the given time.
+    pub fn with_time(time: Duration) -> Self {
+        let clock = AdjustableClock::new(LazyClock::with_time(time));
+        Self {
+            inner: Rc::new(RefCell::new(clock)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current time.
+    pub fn now(&self) -> Duration {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().now()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the underlying time not adjusted for rate change.
+    pub fn now_unadjusted(&self) -> Duration {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().inner.now()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the unadjusted clock time.
+    pub fn set_unadjusted(&mut self, time: Duration) {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().inner.set(time);
+    }
+
+    /// Clears the stored time so it's re-fetched again next.
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().inner.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the clock rate.
+    pub fn rate(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.inner.borrow().rate()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the clock rate.
+    pub fn set_rate(&mut self, rate: f64) {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().set_rate(rate);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether animations should complete instantly.
+    pub fn should_complete_instantly(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.borrow().should_complete_instantly()
+    }
+
+    /// Sets whether animations should complete instantly.
+    pub fn set_complete_instantly(&mut self, value: bool) {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().set_complete_instantly(value);
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Clock {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        Rc::ptr_eq(&self.inner, &other.inner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Clock {}
+
+impl LazyClock {
+    pub fn with_time(time: Duration) -> Self {
+        Self { time: Some(time) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.time = None;
+    }
+
+    pub fn set(&mut self, time: Duration) {
+        self.time = Some(time);
+    }
+
+    pub fn now(&mut self) -> Duration {
+        *self.time.get_or_insert_with(get_monotonic_time)
+    }
+}
+
+impl AdjustableClock {
+    pub fn new(mut inner: LazyClock) -> Self {
+        let time = inner.now();
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            current_time: time,
+            last_seen_time: time,
+            rate: 1.,
+            complete_instantly: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn rate(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.rate
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_rate(&mut self, rate: f64) {
+        self.rate = rate.clamp(0., 1000.);
+    }
+
+    pub fn should_complete_instantly(&self) -> bool {
+        self.complete_instantly
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_complete_instantly(&mut self, value: bool) {
+        self.complete_instantly = value;
+    }
+
+    pub fn now(&mut self) -> Duration {
+        let time = self.inner.now();
+
+        if self.last_seen_time == time {
+            return self.current_time;
+        }
+
+        if self.last_seen_time < time {
+            let delta = time - self.last_seen_time;
+            let delta = delta.mul_f64(self.rate);
+            self.current_time = self.current_time.saturating_add(delta);
+        } else {
+            let delta = self.last_seen_time - time;
+            let delta = delta.mul_f64(self.rate);
+            self.current_time = self.current_time.saturating_sub(delta);
+        }
+
+        self.last_seen_time = time;
+        self.current_time
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for AdjustableClock {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new(LazyClock::default())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn frozen_clock() {
+        let mut clock = Clock::with_time(Duration::ZERO);
+        assert_eq!(clock.now(), Duration::ZERO);
+
+        clock.set_unadjusted(Duration::from_millis(100));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now(), Duration::from_millis(100));
+
+        clock.set_unadjusted(Duration::from_millis(200));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now(), Duration::from_millis(200));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rate_change() {
+        let mut clock = Clock::with_time(Duration::ZERO);
+        clock.set_rate(0.5);
+
+        clock.set_unadjusted(Duration::from_millis(100));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now_unadjusted(), Duration::from_millis(100));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now(), Duration::from_millis(50));
+
+        clock.set_unadjusted(Duration::from_millis(200));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now_unadjusted(), Duration::from_millis(200));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now(), Duration::from_millis(100));
+
+        clock.set_unadjusted(Duration::from_millis(150));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now_unadjusted(), Duration::from_millis(150));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now(), Duration::from_millis(75));
+
+        clock.set_rate(2.0);
+
+        clock.set_unadjusted(Duration::from_millis(250));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now_unadjusted(), Duration::from_millis(250));
+        assert_eq!(clock.now(), Duration::from_millis(275));
+    }
+}
@@ -2,14 +2,12 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use keyframe::functions::{EaseOutCubic, EaseOutQuad};
 use keyframe::EasingFunction;
-use portable_atomic::{AtomicF64, Ordering};
-
-use crate::utils::get_monotonic_time;

 mod spring;
 pub use spring::{Spring, SpringParams};

-pub static ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN: AtomicF64 = AtomicF64::new(1.);
+mod clock;
+pub use clock::Clock;

 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Animation {
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ pub struct Animation {
    /// Best effort; not always exactly precise.
    clamped_duration: Duration,
    start_time: Duration,
-    current_time: Duration,
+    clock: Clock,
    kind: Kind,
 }

@@ -48,11 +46,17 @@ pub enum Curve {
 }

 impl Animation {
-    pub fn new(from: f64, to: f64, initial_velocity: f64, config: niri_config::Animation) -> Self {
-        // Scale the velocity by slowdown to keep the touchpad gestures feeling right.
-        let initial_velocity = initial_velocity * ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+    pub fn new(
+        clock: Clock,
+        from: f64,
+        to: f64,
+        initial_velocity: f64,
+        config: niri_config::Animation,
+    ) -> Self {
+        // Scale the velocity by rate to keep the touchpad gestures feeling right.
+        let initial_velocity = initial_velocity / clock.rate().max(0.001);

-        let mut rv = Self::ease(from, to, initial_velocity, 0, Curve::EaseOutCubic);
+        let mut rv = Self::ease(clock, from, to, initial_velocity, 0, Curve::EaseOutCubic);
        if config.off {
            rv.is_off = true;
            return rv;
@@ -71,7 +75,6 @@ impl Animation {
        }

        let start_time = self.start_time;
-        let current_time = self.current_time;

        match config.kind {
            niri_config::AnimationKind::Spring(p) => {
@@ -83,10 +86,11 @@ impl Animation {
                    initial_velocity: self.initial_velocity,
                    params,
                };
-                *self = Self::spring(spring);
+                *self = Self::spring(self.clock.clone(), spring);
            }
            niri_config::AnimationKind::Easing(p) => {
                *self = Self::ease(
+                    self.clock.clone(),
                    self.from,
                    self.to,
                    self.initial_velocity,
@@ -97,7 +101,6 @@ impl Animation {
        }

        self.start_time = start_time;
-        self.current_time = current_time;
    }

    /// Restarts the animation using the previous config.
@@ -106,11 +109,12 @@ impl Animation {
            return self.clone();
        }

-        // Scale the velocity by slowdown to keep the touchpad gestures feeling right.
-        let initial_velocity = initial_velocity * ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+        // Scale the velocity by rate to keep the touchpad gestures feeling right.
+        let initial_velocity = initial_velocity / self.clock.rate().max(0.001);

        match self.kind {
            Kind::Easing { curve } => Self::ease(
+                self.clock.clone(),
                from,
                to,
                initial_velocity,
@@ -124,23 +128,32 @@ impl Animation {
                    initial_velocity: self.initial_velocity,
                    params: spring.params,
                };
-                Self::spring(spring)
+                Self::spring(self.clock.clone(), spring)
            }
            Kind::Deceleration {
                initial_velocity,
                deceleration_rate,
            } => {
                let threshold = 0.001; // FIXME
-                Self::decelerate(from, initial_velocity, deceleration_rate, threshold)
+                Self::decelerate(
+                    self.clock.clone(),
+                    from,
+                    initial_velocity,
+                    deceleration_rate,
+                    threshold,
+                )
            }
        }
    }

-    pub fn ease(from: f64, to: f64, initial_velocity: f64, duration_ms: u64, curve: Curve) -> Self {
-        // FIXME: ideally we shouldn't use current time here because animations started within the
-        // same frame cycle should have the same start time to be synchronized.
-        let now = get_monotonic_time();
-
+    pub fn ease(
+        clock: Clock,
+        from: f64,
+        to: f64,
+        initial_velocity: f64,
+        duration_ms: u64,
+        curve: Curve,
+    ) -> Self {
        let duration = Duration::from_millis(duration_ms);
        let kind = Kind::Easing { curve };

@@ -152,19 +165,15 @@ impl Animation {
            duration,
            // Our current curves never overshoot.
            clamped_duration: duration,
-            start_time: now,
-            current_time: now,
+            start_time: clock.now(),
+            clock,
            kind,
        }
    }

-    pub fn spring(spring: Spring) -> Self {
+    pub fn spring(clock: Clock, spring: Spring) -> Self {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Animation::spring");

-        // FIXME: ideally we shouldn't use current time here because animations started within the
-        // same frame cycle should have the same start time to be synchronized.
-        let now = get_monotonic_time();
-
        let duration = spring.duration();
        let clamped_duration = spring.clamped_duration().unwrap_or(duration);
        let kind = Kind::Spring(spring);
@@ -176,22 +185,19 @@ impl Animation {
            is_off: false,
            duration,
            clamped_duration,
-            start_time: now,
-            current_time: now,
+            start_time: clock.now(),
+            clock,
            kind,
        }
    }

    pub fn decelerate(
+        clock: Clock,
        from: f64,
        initial_velocity: f64,
        deceleration_rate: f64,
        threshold: f64,
    ) -> Self {
-        // FIXME: ideally we shouldn't use current time here because animations started within the
-        // same frame cycle should have the same start time to be synchronized.
-        let now = get_monotonic_time();
-
        let duration_s = if initial_velocity == 0. {
            0.
        } else {
@@ -214,77 +220,26 @@ impl Animation {
            is_off: false,
            duration,
            clamped_duration: duration,
-            start_time: now,
-            current_time: now,
+            start_time: clock.now(),
+            clock,
            kind,
        }
    }

-    pub fn set_current_time(&mut self, time: Duration) {
-        if self.duration.is_zero() {
-            self.current_time = time;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let end_time = self.start_time + self.duration;
-        if end_time <= self.current_time {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let slowdown = ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
-        if slowdown <= f64::EPSILON {
-            // Zero slowdown will cause the animation to end right away.
-            self.current_time = end_time;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // We can't change current_time (since the incoming time values are always real-time), so
-        // apply the slowdown by shifting the start time to compensate.
-        if self.current_time <= time {
-            let delta = time - self.current_time;
-
-            let max_delta = end_time - self.current_time;
-            let min_slowdown = delta.as_secs_f64() / max_delta.as_secs_f64();
-            if slowdown <= min_slowdown {
-                // Our slowdown value will cause the animation to end right away.
-                self.current_time = end_time;
-                return;
-            }
-
-            let adjusted_delta = delta.div_f64(slowdown);
-            if adjusted_delta >= delta {
-                self.start_time -= adjusted_delta - delta;
-            } else {
-                self.start_time += delta - adjusted_delta;
-            }
-        } else {
-            let delta = self.current_time - time;
-
-            let min_slowdown = delta.as_secs_f64() / self.current_time.as_secs_f64();
-            if slowdown <= min_slowdown {
-                // Current time was about to jump to before the animation had started; let's just
-                // cancel the animation in this case.
-                self.current_time = end_time;
-                return;
-            }
-
-            let adjusted_delta = delta.div_f64(slowdown);
-            if adjusted_delta >= delta {
-                self.start_time += adjusted_delta - delta;
-            } else {
-                self.start_time -= delta - adjusted_delta;
-            }
-        }
-
-        self.current_time = time;
-    }
-
    pub fn is_done(&self) -> bool {
-        self.current_time >= self.start_time + self.duration
+        if self.clock.should_complete_instantly() {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        self.clock.now() >= self.start_time + self.duration
    }

    pub fn is_clamped_done(&self) -> bool {
-        self.current_time >= self.start_time + self.clamped_duration
+        if self.clock.should_complete_instantly() {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        self.clock.now() >= self.start_time + self.clamped_duration
    }

    pub fn value(&self) -> f64 {
@@ -292,7 +247,7 @@ impl Animation {
            return self.to;
        }

-        let passed = self.current_time.saturating_sub(self.start_time);
+        let passed = self.clock.now().saturating_sub(self.start_time);

        match self.kind {
            Kind::Easing { curve } => {
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ impl Spring {
            return Duration::MAX;
        }

+        if (self.to - self.from).abs() <= f64::EPSILON {
+            return Duration::ZERO;
+        }
+
        let omega0 = (self.params.stiffness / self.params.mass).sqrt();

        // As first ansatz for the overdamped solution,
@@ -166,3 +170,21 @@ impl Spring {
        }
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn overdamped_spring_equal_from_to_nan() {
+        let spring = Spring {
+            from: 0.,
+            to: 0.,
+            initial_velocity: 0.,
+            params: SpringParams::new(1.15, 850., 0.0001),
+        };
+        let _ = spring.duration();
+        let _ = spring.clamped_duration();
+        let _ = spring.value_at(Duration::ZERO);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+//! Headless backend for tests.
+//!
+//! This can eventually grow into a more complete backend if needed, but for now it's missing some
+//! crucial parts like rendering.
+
+use std::mem;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+use niri_config::OutputName;
+use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::RenderElementStates;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
+use smithay::output::{Mode, Output, PhysicalProperties, Subpixel};
+use smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols::wp::presentation_time::server::wp_presentation_feedback;
+use smithay::utils::Size;
+use smithay::wayland::presentation::Refresh;
+
+use super::{IpcOutputMap, OutputId, RenderResult};
+use crate::niri::{Niri, RedrawState};
+use crate::utils::{get_monotonic_time, logical_output};
+
+pub struct Headless {
+    ipc_outputs: Arc<Mutex<IpcOutputMap>>,
+}
+
+impl Headless {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ipc_outputs: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn init(&mut self, _niri: &mut Niri) {}
+
+    pub fn add_output(&mut self, niri: &mut Niri, n: u8, size: (u16, u16)) {
+        let connector = format!("headless-{n}");
+        let make = "niri".to_string();
+        let model = "headless".to_string();
+        let serial = n.to_string();
+
+        let output = Output::new(
+            connector.clone(),
+            PhysicalProperties {
+                size: (0, 0).into(),
+                subpixel: Subpixel::Unknown,
+                make: make.clone(),
+                model: model.clone(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let mode = Mode {
+            size: Size::from((i32::from(size.0), i32::from(size.1))),
+            refresh: 60_000,
+        };
+        output.change_current_state(Some(mode), None, None, None);
+        output.set_preferred(mode);
+
+        output.user_data().insert_if_missing(|| OutputName {
+            connector,
+            make: Some(make),
+            model: Some(model),
+            serial: Some(serial),
+        });
+
+        let physical_properties = output.physical_properties();
+        self.ipc_outputs.lock().unwrap().insert(
+            OutputId::next(),
+            niri_ipc::Output {
+                name: output.name(),
+                make: physical_properties.make,
+                model: physical_properties.model,
+                serial: None,
+                physical_size: None,
+                modes: vec![niri_ipc::Mode {
+                    width: size.0,
+                    height: size.1,
+                    refresh_rate: 60_000,
+                    is_preferred: true,
+                }],
+                current_mode: Some(0),
+                vrr_supported: false,
+                vrr_enabled: false,
+                logical: Some(logical_output(&output)),
+            },
+        );
+
+        niri.add_output(output, None, false);
+    }
+
+    pub fn seat_name(&self) -> String {
+        "headless".to_owned()
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_primary_renderer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        _f: impl FnOnce(&mut GlesRenderer) -> T,
+    ) -> Option<T> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(&mut self, niri: &mut Niri, output: &Output) -> RenderResult {
+        let states = RenderElementStates::default();
+        let mut presentation_feedbacks = niri.take_presentation_feedbacks(output, &states);
+        presentation_feedbacks.presented::<_, smithay::utils::Monotonic>(
+            get_monotonic_time(),
+            Refresh::Unknown,
+            0,
+            wp_presentation_feedback::Kind::empty(),
+        );
+
+        let output_state = niri.output_state.get_mut(output).unwrap();
+        match mem::replace(&mut output_state.redraw_state, RedrawState::Idle) {
+            RedrawState::Idle => unreachable!(),
+            RedrawState::Queued => (),
+            RedrawState::WaitingForVBlank { .. } => unreachable!(),
+            RedrawState::WaitingForEstimatedVBlank(_) => unreachable!(),
+            RedrawState::WaitingForEstimatedVBlankAndQueued(_) => unreachable!(),
+        }
+
+        output_state.frame_callback_sequence = output_state.frame_callback_sequence.wrapping_add(1);
+
+        // FIXME: request redraw on unfinished animations remain
+
+        RenderResult::Submitted
+    }
+
+    pub fn import_dmabuf(&mut self, _dmabuf: &Dmabuf) -> bool {
+        unimplemented!()
+    }
+
+    pub fn ipc_outputs(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<IpcOutputMap>> {
+        self.ipc_outputs.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Headless {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
@@ -17,9 +17,13 @@ pub use tty::Tty;
 pub mod winit;
 pub use winit::Winit;

+pub mod headless;
+pub use headless::Headless;
+
 pub enum Backend {
    Tty(Tty),
    Winit(Winit),
+    Headless(Headless),
 }

 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -54,6 +58,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.init(niri),
            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.init(niri),
+            Backend::Headless(headless) => headless.init(niri),
        }
    }

@@ -61,6 +66,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.seat_name(),
            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.seat_name(),
+            Backend::Headless(headless) => headless.seat_name(),
        }
    }

@@ -71,6 +77,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.with_primary_renderer(f),
            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.with_primary_renderer(f),
+            Backend::Headless(headless) => headless.with_primary_renderer(f),
        }
    }

@@ -83,6 +90,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.render(niri, output, target_presentation_time),
            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.render(niri, output),
+            Backend::Headless(headless) => headless.render(niri, output),
        }
    }

@@ -90,6 +98,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(_) => CompositorMod::Super,
            Backend::Winit(_) => CompositorMod::Alt,
+            Backend::Headless(_) => CompositorMod::Super,
        }
    }

@@ -97,6 +106,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.change_vt(vt),
            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
+            Backend::Headless(_) => (),
        }
    }

@@ -104,6 +114,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.suspend(),
            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
+            Backend::Headless(_) => (),
        }
    }

@@ -111,6 +122,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.toggle_debug_tint(),
            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.toggle_debug_tint(),
+            Backend::Headless(_) => (),
        }
    }

@@ -118,6 +130,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.import_dmabuf(dmabuf),
            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.import_dmabuf(dmabuf),
+            Backend::Headless(headless) => headless.import_dmabuf(dmabuf),
        }
    }

@@ -125,6 +138,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.early_import(surface),
            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
+            Backend::Headless(_) => (),
        }
    }

@@ -132,6 +146,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.ipc_outputs(),
            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.ipc_outputs(),
+            Backend::Headless(headless) => headless.ipc_outputs(),
        }
    }

@@ -143,6 +158,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.primary_gbm_device(),
            Backend::Winit(_) => None,
+            Backend::Headless(_) => None,
        }
    }

@@ -150,6 +166,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.set_monitors_active(active),
            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
+            Backend::Headless(_) => (),
        }
    }

@@ -157,6 +174,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.set_output_on_demand_vrr(niri, output, enable_vrr),
            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
+            Backend::Headless(_) => (),
        }
    }

@@ -164,13 +182,7 @@ impl Backend {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.on_output_config_changed(niri),
            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn on_debug_config_changed(&mut self) {
-        match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.on_debug_config_changed(),
-            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
+            Backend::Headless(_) => (),
        }
    }

@@ -197,4 +209,12 @@ impl Backend {
            panic!("backend is not Winit")
        }
    }
+
+    pub fn headless(&mut self) -> &mut Headless {
+        if let Self::Headless(v) = self {
+            v
+        } else {
+            panic!("backend is not Headless")
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
 use smithay::backend::allocator::format::FormatSet;
 use smithay::backend::allocator::gbm::{GbmAllocator, GbmBufferFlags, GbmDevice};
 use smithay::backend::allocator::Fourcc;
-use smithay::backend::drm::compositor::{DrmCompositor, PrimaryPlaneElement};
+use smithay::backend::drm::compositor::{DrmCompositor, FrameFlags, PrimaryPlaneElement};
 use smithay::backend::drm::{
-    DrmDevice, DrmDeviceFd, DrmEvent, DrmEventMetadata, DrmEventTime, DrmNode, NodeType,
+    DrmDevice, DrmDeviceFd, DrmEvent, DrmEventMetadata, DrmEventTime, DrmNode, NodeType, VrrSupport,
 };
 use smithay::backend::egl::context::ContextPriority;
 use smithay::backend::egl::{EGLDevice, EGLDisplay};
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ use smithay::wayland::dmabuf::{DmabufFeedback, DmabufFeedbackBuilder, DmabufGlob
 use smithay::wayland::drm_lease::{
    DrmLease, DrmLeaseBuilder, DrmLeaseRequest, DrmLeaseState, LeaseRejected,
 };
+use smithay::wayland::presentation::Refresh;
 use smithay_drm_extras::drm_scanner::{DrmScanEvent, DrmScanner};
 use wayland_protocols::wp::linux_dmabuf::zv1::server::zwp_linux_dmabuf_feedback_v1::TrancheFlags;
 use wayland_protocols::wp::presentation_time::server::wp_presentation_feedback;
@@ -61,9 +62,14 @@ use crate::niri::{Niri, RedrawState, State};
 use crate::render_helpers::debug::draw_damage;
 use crate::render_helpers::renderer::AsGlesRenderer;
 use crate::render_helpers::{resources, shaders, RenderTarget};
-use crate::utils::{get_monotonic_time, logical_output};
+use crate::utils::{get_monotonic_time, is_laptop_panel, logical_output};

-const SUPPORTED_COLOR_FORMATS: &[Fourcc] = &[Fourcc::Argb8888, Fourcc::Abgr8888];
+const SUPPORTED_COLOR_FORMATS: [Fourcc; 4] = [
+    Fourcc::Xrgb8888,
+    Fourcc::Xbgr8888,
+    Fourcc::Argb8888,
+    Fourcc::Abgr8888,
+];

 pub struct Tty {
    config: Rc<RefCell<Config>>,
@@ -117,7 +123,7 @@ pub struct OutputDevice {
    render_node: DrmNode,
    drm_scanner: DrmScanner,
    surfaces: HashMap<crtc::Handle, Surface>,
-    output_ids: HashMap<crtc::Handle, OutputId>,
+    known_crtcs: HashMap<crtc::Handle, CrtcInfo>,
    // SAFETY: drop after all the objects used with them are dropped.
    // See https://github.com/Smithay/smithay/issues/1102.
    drm: DrmDevice,
@@ -128,6 +134,13 @@ pub struct OutputDevice {
    active_leases: Vec<DrmLease>,
 }

+// A connected, but not necessarily enabled, crtc.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct CrtcInfo {
+    id: OutputId,
+    name: OutputName,
+}
+
 impl OutputDevice {
    pub fn lease_request(
        &self,
@@ -167,6 +180,35 @@ impl OutputDevice {
    pub fn remove_lease(&mut self, lease_id: u32) {
        self.active_leases.retain(|l| l.id() != lease_id);
    }
+
+    pub fn known_crtc_name(
+        &self,
+        crtc: &crtc::Handle,
+        conn: &connector::Info,
+        disable_monitor_names: bool,
+    ) -> OutputName {
+        if disable_monitor_names {
+            let conn_name = format_connector_name(conn);
+            return OutputName {
+                connector: conn_name,
+                make: None,
+                model: None,
+                serial: None,
+            };
+        }
+
+        let Some(info) = self.known_crtcs.get(crtc) else {
+            let conn_name = format_connector_name(conn);
+            error!("crtc for connector {conn_name} missing from known");
+            return OutputName {
+                connector: conn_name,
+                make: None,
+                model: None,
+                serial: None,
+            };
+        };
+        info.name.clone()
+    }
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -183,7 +225,6 @@ struct Surface {
    gamma_props: Option<GammaProps>,
    /// Gamma change to apply upon session resume.
    pending_gamma_change: Option<Option<Vec<u16>>>,
-    vrr_enabled: bool,
    /// Tracy frame that goes from vblank to vblank.
    vblank_frame: Option<tracy_client::Frame>,
    /// Frame name for the VBlank frame.
@@ -404,8 +445,6 @@ impl Tty {
                    self.device_changed(node.dev_id(), niri);

                    // Apply pending gamma changes and restore our existing gamma.
-                    //
-                    // Also, restore our VRR.
                    let device = self.devices.get_mut(&node).unwrap();
                    for (crtc, surface) in device.surfaces.iter_mut() {
                        if let Some(ramp) = surface.pending_gamma_change.take() {
@@ -423,33 +462,6 @@ impl Tty {
                                warn!("error restoring gamma: {err:?}");
                            }
                        }
-
-                        // Restore VRR.
-                        let output = niri
-                            .global_space
-                            .outputs()
-                            .find(|output| {
-                                let tty_state: &TtyOutputState = output.user_data().get().unwrap();
-                                tty_state.node == node && tty_state.crtc == *crtc
-                            })
-                            .cloned();
-                        let Some(output) = output else {
-                            error!("missing output for crtc: {crtc:?}");
-                            continue;
-                        };
-                        let Some(output_state) = niri.output_state.get_mut(&output) else {
-                            error!("missing state for output {:?}", surface.name.connector);
-                            continue;
-                        };
-
-                        try_to_change_vrr(
-                            &device.drm,
-                            surface.connector,
-                            *crtc,
-                            surface,
-                            output_state,
-                            surface.vrr_enabled,
-                        );
                    }
                }

@@ -466,7 +478,7 @@ impl Tty {

                self.refresh_ipc_outputs(niri);

-                niri.idle_notifier_state.notify_activity(&niri.seat);
+                niri.notify_activity();
                niri.monitors_active = true;
                self.set_monitors_active(true);
                niri.queue_redraw_all();
@@ -535,7 +547,7 @@ impl Tty {
            }
            drop(config);

-            niri.layout.update_shaders();
+            niri.update_shaders();

            // Create the dmabuf global.
            let primary_formats = renderer.dmabuf_formats();
@@ -596,7 +608,7 @@ impl Tty {
            gbm,
            drm_scanner: DrmScanner::new(),
            surfaces: HashMap::new(),
-            output_ids: HashMap::new(),
+            known_crtcs: HashMap::new(),
            drm_lease_state,
            active_leases: Vec::new(),
            non_desktop_connectors: HashSet::new(),
@@ -629,6 +641,7 @@ impl Tty {
            }
        };

+        let mut added = Vec::new();
        let mut removed = Vec::new();
        for event in scan_result {
            match event {
@@ -636,34 +649,79 @@ impl Tty {
                    connector,
                    crtc: Some(crtc),
                } => {
-                    if let Err(err) = self.connector_connected(niri, node, connector, crtc) {
-                        warn!("error connecting connector: {err:?}");
-                    }
+                    let connector_name = format_connector_name(&connector);
+                    let name = make_output_name(&device.drm, connector.handle(), connector_name);
+                    debug!(
+                        "new connector: {} \"{}\"",
+                        &name.connector,
+                        name.format_make_model_serial(),
+                    );
+
+                    // Assign an id to this crtc.
+                    let id = OutputId::next();
+                    added.push((crtc, CrtcInfo { id, name }));
                }
                DrmScanEvent::Disconnected {
                    crtc: Some(crtc), ..
                } => {
-                    self.connector_disconnected(niri, node, crtc);
                    removed.push(crtc);
                }
                _ => (),
            }
        }

-        // FIXME: this is better done in connector_disconnected(), but currently we call that to
-        // turn off outputs temporarily, too. So we can't do this there.
+        for crtc in &removed {
+            self.connector_disconnected(niri, node, *crtc);
+        }
+
        let Some(device) = self.devices.get_mut(&node) else {
            error!("device disappeared");
            return;
        };

        for crtc in removed {
-            if device.output_ids.remove(&crtc).is_none() {
+            if device.known_crtcs.remove(&crtc).is_none() {
                error!("output ID missing for disconnected crtc: {crtc:?}");
            }
        }

-        self.refresh_ipc_outputs(niri);
+        for (crtc, mut info) in added {
+            // Make/model/serial can match exactly between different physical monitors. This doesn't
+            // happen often, but our Layout does not support such duplicates and will panic.
+            //
+            // As a workaround, search for duplicates, and unname the new connectors if one is
+            // found. Connector names are always unique.
+            let name = &mut info.name;
+            let formatted = name.format_make_model_serial_or_connector();
+            for info in self.devices.values().flat_map(|d| d.known_crtcs.values()) {
+                if info.name.matches(&formatted) {
+                    let connector = mem::take(&mut name.connector);
+                    warn!(
+                        "new connector {connector} duplicates make/model/serial \
+                         of existing connector {}, unnaming",
+                        info.name.connector,
+                    );
+                    *name = OutputName {
+                        connector,
+                        make: None,
+                        model: None,
+                        serial: None,
+                    };
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Insert it right away so next added connector will check against this one too.
+            let device = self.devices.get_mut(&node).unwrap();
+            device.known_crtcs.insert(crtc, info);
+        }
+
+        // This will connect any new connectors if needed, and apply other changes, such as
+        // connecting back the internal laptop monitor once it becomes the only monitor left.
+        //
+        // It will also call refresh_ipc_outputs(), which will catch the disconnected connectors
+        // above.
+        self.on_output_config_changed(niri);
    }

    fn device_removed(&mut self, device_id: dev_t, niri: &mut Niri) {
@@ -749,7 +807,8 @@ impl Tty {

        let device = self.devices.get_mut(&node).context("missing device")?;

-        let output_name = make_output_name(&device.drm, connector.handle(), connector_name.clone());
+        let disable_monitor_names = self.config.borrow().debug.disable_monitor_names;
+        let output_name = device.known_crtc_name(&crtc, &connector, disable_monitor_names);

        let non_desktop = find_drm_property(&device.drm, connector.handle(), "non-desktop")
            .and_then(|(_, info, value)| info.value_type().convert_value(value).as_boolean())
@@ -767,10 +826,6 @@ impl Tty {
            return Ok(());
        }

-        // This should be unique per CRTC connection, however currently we can call
-        // connector_connected() multiple times for turning the output off and on.
-        device.output_ids.entry(crtc).or_insert_with(OutputId::next);
-
        let config = self
            .config
            .borrow()
@@ -779,11 +834,6 @@ impl Tty {
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default();

-        if config.off {
-            debug!("output is disabled in the config");
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
        for m in connector.modes() {
            trace!("{m:?}");
        }
@@ -811,45 +861,6 @@ impl Tty {
            Err(err) => debug!("error setting max bpc: {err:?}"),
        }

-        // Try to enable VRR if requested.
-        let mut vrr_enabled = false;
-        if let Some(capable) = is_vrr_capable(&device.drm, connector.handle()) {
-            if capable {
-                // Even if on-demand, we still disable it until later checks.
-                let vrr = config.is_vrr_always_on();
-                let word = if vrr { "enabling" } else { "disabling" };
-
-                match set_vrr_enabled(&device.drm, crtc, vrr) {
-                    Ok(enabled) => {
-                        if enabled != vrr {
-                            warn!("failed {} VRR", word);
-                        }
-
-                        vrr_enabled = enabled;
-                    }
-                    Err(err) => {
-                        warn!("error {} VRR: {err:?}", word);
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                if !config.is_vrr_always_off() {
-                    warn!("cannot enable VRR because connector is not vrr_capable");
-                }
-
-                // Try to disable it anyway to work around a bug where resetting DRM state causes
-                // vrr_capable to be reset to 0, potentially leaving VRR_ENABLED at 1.
-                let res = set_vrr_enabled(&device.drm, crtc, false);
-                if matches!(res, Ok(true)) {
-                    warn!("error disabling VRR");
-
-                    // So that we can try it again later.
-                    vrr_enabled = true;
-                }
-            }
-        } else if !config.is_vrr_always_off() {
-            warn!("cannot enable VRR because connector is not vrr_capable");
-        }
-
        let mut gamma_props = GammaProps::new(&device.drm, crtc)
            .map_err(|err| debug!("error getting gamma properties: {err:?}"))
            .ok();
@@ -868,6 +879,31 @@ impl Tty {
            .drm
            .create_surface(crtc, mode, &[connector.handle()])?;

+        // Try to enable VRR if requested.
+        match surface.vrr_supported(connector.handle()) {
+            Ok(VrrSupport::Supported | VrrSupport::RequiresModeset) => {
+                // Even if on-demand, we still disable it until later checks.
+                let vrr = config.is_vrr_always_on();
+                let word = if vrr { "enabling" } else { "disabling" };
+
+                if let Err(err) = surface.use_vrr(vrr) {
+                    warn!("error {} VRR: {err:?}", word);
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(VrrSupport::NotSupported) => {
+                if !config.is_vrr_always_off() {
+                    warn!("cannot enable VRR because connector does not support it");
+                }
+
+                // Try to disable it anyway to work around a bug where resetting DRM state causes
+                // vrr_capable to be reset to 0, potentially leaving VRR_ENABLED at 1.
+                let _ = surface.use_vrr(false);
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!("error querying for VRR support: {err:?}");
+            }
+        }
+
        // Create GBM allocator.
        let gbm_flags = GbmBufferFlags::RENDERING | GbmBufferFlags::SCANOUT;
        let allocator = GbmAllocator::new(device.gbm.clone(), gbm_flags);
@@ -894,23 +930,6 @@ impl Tty {
            .insert_if_missing(|| TtyOutputState { node, crtc });
        output.user_data().insert_if_missing(|| output_name.clone());

-        let mut planes = surface.planes().clone();
-
-        let config = self.config.borrow();
-
-        // Overlay planes are disabled by default as they cause weird performance issues on my
-        // system.
-        if !config.debug.enable_overlay_planes {
-            planes.overlay.clear();
-        }
-
-        // Cursor planes have bugs on some systems.
-        let cursor_plane_gbm = if config.debug.disable_cursor_plane {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(device.gbm.clone())
-        };
-
        let renderer = self.gpu_manager.single_renderer(&device.render_node)?;
        let egl_context = renderer.as_ref().egl_context();
        let render_formats = egl_context.dmabuf_render_formats();
@@ -949,7 +968,7 @@ impl Tty {
        let res = DrmCompositor::new(
            OutputModeSource::Auto(output.clone()),
            surface,
-            Some(planes),
+            None,
            allocator.clone(),
            device.gbm.clone(),
            SUPPORTED_COLOR_FORMATS,
@@ -957,7 +976,7 @@ impl Tty {
            // formats, even though we only ever render on the primary GPU.
            render_formats.clone(),
            device.drm.cursor_size(),
-            cursor_plane_gbm.clone(),
+            Some(device.gbm.clone()),
        );

        let mut compositor = match res {
@@ -975,21 +994,17 @@ impl Tty {
                let surface = device
                    .drm
                    .create_surface(crtc, mode, &[connector.handle()])?;
-                let mut planes = surface.planes().clone();
-                if !config.debug.enable_overlay_planes {
-                    planes.overlay.clear();
-                }

                DrmCompositor::new(
                    OutputModeSource::Auto(output.clone()),
                    surface,
-                    Some(planes),
+                    None,
                    allocator,
                    device.gbm.clone(),
                    SUPPORTED_COLOR_FORMATS,
                    render_formats,
                    device.drm.cursor_size(),
-                    cursor_plane_gbm,
+                    Some(device.gbm.clone()),
                )
                .context("error creating DRM compositor")?
            }
@@ -998,7 +1013,6 @@ impl Tty {
        if self.debug_tint {
            compositor.set_debug_flags(DebugFlags::TINT);
        }
-        compositor.use_direct_scanout(!config.debug.disable_direct_scanout);

        let mut dmabuf_feedback = None;
        if let Ok(primary_renderer) = self.gpu_manager.single_renderer(&self.primary_render_node) {
@@ -1027,6 +1041,8 @@ impl Tty {
            }
        }

+        let vrr_enabled = compositor.vrr_enabled();
+
        let vblank_frame_name =
            tracy_client::FrameName::new_leak(format!("vblank on {connector_name}"));
        let time_since_presentation_plot_name = tracy_client::PlotName::new_leak(format!(
@@ -1044,7 +1060,6 @@ impl Tty {
            compositor,
            dmabuf_feedback,
            gamma_props,
-            vrr_enabled,
            pending_gamma_change: None,
            vblank_frame: None,
            vblank_frame_name,
@@ -1223,10 +1238,17 @@ impl Tty {
        // Mark the last frame as submitted.
        match surface.compositor.frame_submitted() {
            Ok(Some((mut feedback, target_presentation_time))) => {
-                let refresh = output_state
-                    .frame_clock
-                    .refresh_interval()
-                    .unwrap_or(Duration::ZERO);
+                let refresh = match output_state.frame_clock.refresh_interval() {
+                    Some(refresh) => {
+                        if output_state.frame_clock.vrr() {
+                            Refresh::Variable(refresh)
+                        } else {
+                            Refresh::Fixed(refresh)
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None => Refresh::Unknown,
+                };
+
                // FIXME: ideally should be monotonically increasing for a surface.
                let seq = meta.sequence as u64;
                let mut flags = wp_presentation_feedback::Kind::Vsync
@@ -1376,9 +1398,35 @@ impl Tty {
            draw_damage(&mut output_state.debug_damage_tracker, &mut elements);
        }

+        // Overlay planes are disabled by default as they cause weird performance issues on my
+        // system.
+        let flags = {
+            let debug = &self.config.borrow().debug;
+
+            let primary_scanout_flag = if debug.restrict_primary_scanout_to_matching_format {
+                FrameFlags::ALLOW_PRIMARY_PLANE_SCANOUT
+            } else {
+                FrameFlags::ALLOW_PRIMARY_PLANE_SCANOUT_ANY
+            };
+            let mut flags = primary_scanout_flag | FrameFlags::ALLOW_CURSOR_PLANE_SCANOUT;
+
+            if debug.enable_overlay_planes {
+                flags.insert(FrameFlags::ALLOW_OVERLAY_PLANE_SCANOUT);
+            }
+            if debug.disable_direct_scanout {
+                flags.remove(primary_scanout_flag);
+                flags.remove(FrameFlags::ALLOW_OVERLAY_PLANE_SCANOUT);
+            }
+            if debug.disable_cursor_plane {
+                flags.remove(FrameFlags::ALLOW_CURSOR_PLANE_SCANOUT);
+            }
+
+            flags
+        };
+
        // Hand them over to the DRM.
        let drm_compositor = &mut surface.compositor;
-        match drm_compositor.render_frame::<_, _>(&mut renderer, &elements, [0.; 4]) {
+        match drm_compositor.render_frame::<_, _>(&mut renderer, &elements, [0.; 4], flags) {
            Ok(res) => {
                let needs_sync = res.needs_sync()
                    || self
@@ -1559,13 +1607,13 @@ impl Tty {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Tty::refresh_ipc_outputs");

        let mut ipc_outputs = HashMap::new();
+        let disable_monitor_names = self.config.borrow().debug.disable_monitor_names;

        for (node, device) in &self.devices {
            for (connector, crtc) in device.drm_scanner.crtcs() {
                let connector_name = format_connector_name(connector);
                let physical_size = connector.size();
-                let output_name =
-                    make_output_name(&device.drm, connector.handle(), connector_name.clone());
+                let output_name = device.known_crtc_name(&crtc, connector, disable_monitor_names);

                let surface = device.surfaces.get(&crtc);
                let current_crtc_mode = surface.map(|surface| surface.compositor.pending_mode());
@@ -1600,8 +1648,17 @@ impl Tty {
                    }
                }

-                let vrr_supported = is_vrr_capable(&device.drm, connector.handle()) == Some(true);
-                let vrr_enabled = surface.map_or(false, |surface| surface.vrr_enabled);
+                let vrr_supported = surface
+                    .map(|surface| {
+                        matches!(
+                            surface.compositor.vrr_supported(connector.handle()),
+                            Ok(VrrSupport::Supported | VrrSupport::RequiresModeset)
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        is_vrr_capable(&device.drm, connector.handle()) == Some(true)
+                    });
+                let vrr_enabled = surface.is_some_and(|surface| surface.compositor.vrr_enabled());

                let logical = niri
                    .global_space
@@ -1612,6 +1669,12 @@ impl Tty {
                    })
                    .map(logical_output);

+                let id = device.known_crtcs.get(&crtc).map(|info| info.id);
+                let id = id.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    error!("crtc for connector {connector_name} missing from known");
+                    OutputId::next()
+                });
+
                let ipc_output = niri_ipc::Output {
                    name: connector_name,
                    make: output_name.make.unwrap_or_else(|| "Unknown".into()),
@@ -1625,10 +1688,6 @@ impl Tty {
                    logical,
                };

-                let id = device.output_ids.get(&crtc).copied().unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                    error!("output ID missing for crtc: {crtc:?}");
-                    OutputId::next()
-                });
                ipc_outputs.insert(id, ipc_output);
            }
        }
@@ -1686,14 +1745,17 @@ impl Tty {
            for (&crtc, surface) in device.surfaces.iter_mut() {
                let tty_state: &TtyOutputState = output.user_data().get().unwrap();
                if tty_state.node == node && tty_state.crtc == crtc {
-                    try_to_change_vrr(
-                        &device.drm,
-                        surface.connector,
-                        crtc,
-                        surface,
-                        output_state,
-                        enable_vrr,
-                    );
+                    let word = if enable_vrr { "enabling" } else { "disabling" };
+                    if let Err(err) = surface.compositor.use_vrr(enable_vrr) {
+                        warn!(
+                            "output {:?}: error {} VRR: {err:?}",
+                            surface.name.connector, word
+                        );
+                    }
+                    output_state
+                        .frame_clock
+                        .set_vrr(surface.compositor.vrr_enabled());
+
                    self.refresh_ipc_outputs(niri);
                    return;
                }
@@ -1711,6 +1773,24 @@ impl Tty {
        }
        self.update_output_config_on_resume = false;

+        // Figure out if we should disable laptop panels.
+        let mut disable_laptop_panels = false;
+        if niri.is_lid_closed {
+            let config = self.config.borrow();
+            if !config.debug.keep_laptop_panel_on_when_lid_is_closed {
+                // Check if any external monitor is connected.
+                'outer: for device in self.devices.values() {
+                    for (connector, _crtc) in device.drm_scanner.crtcs() {
+                        if !is_laptop_panel(&format_connector_name(connector)) {
+                            disable_laptop_panels = true;
+                            break 'outer;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let should_disable = |connector: &str| disable_laptop_panels && is_laptop_panel(connector);
+
        let mut to_disconnect = vec![];
        let mut to_connect = vec![];

@@ -1723,7 +1803,7 @@ impl Tty {
                    .find(&surface.name)
                    .cloned()
                    .unwrap_or_default();
-                if config.off {
+                if config.off || should_disable(&surface.name.connector) {
                    to_disconnect.push((node, crtc));
                    continue;
                }
@@ -1741,8 +1821,11 @@ impl Tty {
                };

                let change_mode = surface.compositor.pending_mode() != mode;
-                let change_always_vrr = surface.vrr_enabled != config.is_vrr_always_on();
+
+                let vrr_enabled = surface.compositor.vrr_enabled();
+                let change_always_vrr = vrr_enabled != config.is_vrr_always_on();
                let is_on_demand_vrr = config.is_vrr_on_demand();
+
                if !change_mode && !change_always_vrr && !is_on_demand_vrr {
                    continue;
                }
@@ -1764,17 +1847,20 @@ impl Tty {
                    continue;
                };

-                if (is_on_demand_vrr && surface.vrr_enabled != output_state.on_demand_vrr_enabled)
+                if (is_on_demand_vrr && vrr_enabled != output_state.on_demand_vrr_enabled)
                    || (!is_on_demand_vrr && change_always_vrr)
                {
-                    try_to_change_vrr(
-                        &device.drm,
-                        connector.handle(),
-                        crtc,
-                        surface,
-                        output_state,
-                        !surface.vrr_enabled,
-                    );
+                    let vrr = !vrr_enabled;
+                    let word = if vrr { "enabling" } else { "disabling" };
+                    if let Err(err) = surface.compositor.use_vrr(vrr) {
+                        warn!(
+                            "output {:?}: error {} VRR: {err:?}",
+                            surface.name.connector, word
+                        );
+                    }
+                    output_state
+                        .frame_clock
+                        .set_vrr(surface.compositor.vrr_enabled());
                }

                if change_mode {
@@ -1806,12 +1892,17 @@ impl Tty {
                    let wl_mode = Mode::from(mode);
                    output.change_current_state(Some(wl_mode), None, None, None);
                    output.set_preferred(wl_mode);
-                    output_state.frame_clock =
-                        FrameClock::new(Some(refresh_interval(mode)), surface.vrr_enabled);
+                    output_state.frame_clock = FrameClock::new(
+                        Some(refresh_interval(mode)),
+                        surface.compositor.vrr_enabled(),
+                    );
                    niri.output_resized(&output);
                }
            }

+            let config = self.config.borrow();
+            let disable_monitor_names = config.debug.disable_monitor_names;
+
            for (connector, crtc) in device.drm_scanner.crtcs() {
                // Check if connected.
                if connector.state() != connector::State::Connected {
@@ -1819,22 +1910,24 @@ impl Tty {
                }

                // Check if already enabled.
-                if device.surfaces.contains_key(&crtc) {
+                if device.surfaces.contains_key(&crtc)
+                    || device
+                        .non_desktop_connectors
+                        .contains(&(connector.handle(), crtc))
+                {
                    continue;
                }

-                let connector_name = format_connector_name(connector);
-                let output_name = make_output_name(&device.drm, connector.handle(), connector_name);
-                let config = self
-                    .config
-                    .borrow()
+                let output_name = device.known_crtc_name(&crtc, connector, disable_monitor_names);
+
+                let config = config
                    .outputs
                    .find(&output_name)
                    .cloned()
                    .unwrap_or_default();

-                if !config.off {
-                    to_connect.push((node, connector.clone(), crtc));
+                if !(config.off || should_disable(&output_name.connector)) {
+                    to_connect.push((node, connector.clone(), crtc, output_name));
                }
            }
        }
@@ -1843,7 +1936,11 @@ impl Tty {
            self.connector_disconnected(niri, node, crtc);
        }

-        for (node, connector, crtc) in to_connect {
+        // Sort by output name to get more predictable first focused output at initial compositor
+        // startup, when multiple connectors appear at once.
+        to_connect.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.3.compare(&b.3));
+
+        for (node, connector, crtc, _name) in to_connect {
            if let Err(err) = self.connector_connected(niri, node, connector, crtc) {
                warn!("error connecting connector: {err:?}");
            }
@@ -1852,24 +1949,12 @@ impl Tty {
        self.refresh_ipc_outputs(niri);
    }

-    pub fn on_debug_config_changed(&mut self) {
-        let config = self.config.borrow();
-        let debug = &config.debug;
-        let use_direct_scanout = !debug.disable_direct_scanout;
-
-        // FIXME: reload other flags if possible?
-        for device in self.devices.values_mut() {
-            for surface in device.surfaces.values_mut() {
-                surface.compositor.use_direct_scanout(use_direct_scanout);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
    pub fn get_device_from_node(&mut self, node: DrmNode) -> Option<&mut OutputDevice> {
        self.devices.get_mut(&node)
    }

    pub fn disconnected_connector_name_by_name_match(&self, target: &str) -> Option<OutputName> {
+        let disable_monitor_names = self.config.borrow().debug.disable_monitor_names;
        for device in self.devices.values() {
            for (connector, crtc) in device.drm_scanner.crtcs() {
                // Check if connected.
@@ -1878,12 +1963,15 @@ impl Tty {
                }

                // Check if already enabled.
-                if device.surfaces.contains_key(&crtc) {
+                if device.surfaces.contains_key(&crtc)
+                    || device
+                        .non_desktop_connectors
+                        .contains(&(connector.handle(), crtc))
+                {
                    continue;
                }

-                let connector_name = format_connector_name(connector);
-                let output_name = make_output_name(&device.drm, connector.handle(), connector_name);
+                let output_name = device.known_crtc_name(&crtc, connector, disable_monitor_names);
                if output_name.matches(target) {
                    return Some(output_name);
                }
@@ -2078,9 +2166,8 @@ fn surface_dmabuf_feedback(
    let surface = compositor.surface();
    let planes = surface.planes();

-    let plane_formats = surface
-        .plane_info()
-        .formats
+    let primary_plane_formats = surface.plane_info().formats.clone();
+    let primary_or_overlay_plane_formats = primary_plane_formats
        .iter()
        .chain(planes.overlay.iter().flat_map(|p| p.formats.iter()))
        .copied()
@@ -2088,7 +2175,11 @@ fn surface_dmabuf_feedback(

    // We limit the scan-out trache to formats we can also render from so that there is always a
    // fallback render path available in case the supplied buffer can not be scanned out directly.
-    let mut scanout_formats = plane_formats
+    let mut primary_scanout_formats = primary_plane_formats
+        .intersection(&primary_formats)
+        .copied()
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let mut primary_or_overlay_scanout_formats = primary_or_overlay_plane_formats
        .intersection(&primary_formats)
        .copied()
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -2096,17 +2187,32 @@ fn surface_dmabuf_feedback(
    // HACK: AMD iGPU + dGPU systems share some modifiers between the two, and yet cross-device
    // buffers produce a glitched scanout if the modifier is not Linear...
    if primary_render_node != surface_render_node {
-        scanout_formats.retain(|f| f.modifier == Modifier::Linear);
+        primary_scanout_formats.retain(|f| f.modifier == Modifier::Linear);
+        primary_or_overlay_scanout_formats.retain(|f| f.modifier == Modifier::Linear);
    }

    let builder = DmabufFeedbackBuilder::new(primary_render_node.dev_id(), primary_formats);

+    trace!(
+        "primary scanout formats: {}, overlay adds: {}",
+        primary_scanout_formats.len(),
+        primary_or_overlay_scanout_formats.len() - primary_scanout_formats.len(),
+    );
+
+    // Prefer the primary-plane-only formats, then primary-or-overlay-plane formats. This will
+    // increase the chance of scanning out a client even with our disabled-by-default overlay
+    // planes.
    let scanout = builder
        .clone()
        .add_preference_tranche(
            surface_render_node.dev_id(),
            Some(TrancheFlags::Scanout),
-            scanout_formats,
+            primary_scanout_formats,
+        )
+        .add_preference_tranche(
+            surface_render_node.dev_id(),
+            Some(TrancheFlags::Scanout),
+            primary_or_overlay_scanout_formats,
        )
        .build()?;

@@ -2369,24 +2475,6 @@ fn is_vrr_capable(device: &DrmDevice, connector: connector::Handle) -> Option<bo
    info.value_type().convert_value(value).as_boolean()
 }

-fn set_vrr_enabled(device: &DrmDevice, crtc: crtc::Handle, enabled: bool) -> anyhow::Result<bool> {
-    let (prop, info, _) =
-        find_drm_property(device, crtc, "VRR_ENABLED").context("VRR_ENABLED property missing")?;
-
-    let value = property::Value::UnsignedRange(if enabled { 1 } else { 0 });
-    device
-        .set_property(crtc, prop, value.into())
-        .context("error setting VRR_ENABLED property")?;
-
-    let value = get_drm_property(device, crtc, prop)
-        .context("VRR_ENABLED property missing after setting")?;
-    match info.value_type().convert_value(value) {
-        property::Value::UnsignedRange(value) => Ok(value == 1),
-        property::Value::Boolean(value) => Ok(value),
-        _ => bail!("wrong VRR_ENABLED property type"),
-    }
-}
-
 pub fn set_gamma_for_crtc(
    device: &DrmDevice,
    crtc: crtc::Handle,
@@ -2432,43 +2520,6 @@ pub fn set_gamma_for_crtc(
    Ok(())
 }

-fn try_to_change_vrr(
-    device: &DrmDevice,
-    connector: connector::Handle,
-    crtc: crtc::Handle,
-    surface: &mut Surface,
-    output_state: &mut crate::niri::OutputState,
-    enable_vrr: bool,
-) {
-    let _span = tracy_client::span!("try_to_change_vrr");
-
-    if is_vrr_capable(device, connector) == Some(true) {
-        let word = if enable_vrr { "enabling" } else { "disabling" };
-
-        match set_vrr_enabled(device, crtc, enable_vrr) {
-            Ok(enabled) => {
-                if enabled != enable_vrr {
-                    warn!("output {:?}: failed {} VRR", surface.name.connector, word);
-                }
-
-                surface.vrr_enabled = enabled;
-                output_state.frame_clock.set_vrr(enabled);
-            }
-            Err(err) => {
-                warn!(
-                    "output {:?}: error {} VRR: {err:?}",
-                    surface.name.connector, word
-                );
-            }
-        }
-    } else if enable_vrr {
-        warn!(
-            "output {:?}: cannot enable VRR because connector is not vrr_capable",
-            surface.name.connector
-        );
-    }
-}
-
 fn format_connector_name(connector: &connector::Info) -> String {
    format!(
        "{}-{}",
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::mem;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
-use std::time::Duration;

 use niri_config::{Config, OutputName};
 use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
@@ -16,6 +15,7 @@ use smithay::reexports::calloop::LoopHandle;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols::wp::presentation_time::server::wp_presentation_feedback;
 use smithay::reexports::winit::dpi::LogicalSize;
 use smithay::reexports::winit::window::Window;
+use smithay::wayland::presentation::Refresh;

 use super::{IpcOutputMap, OutputId, RenderResult};
 use crate::niri::{Niri, RedrawState, State};
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl Winit {
        }
        drop(config);

-        niri.layout.update_shaders();
+        niri.update_shaders();

        niri.add_output(self.output.clone(), None, false);
    }
@@ -216,11 +216,9 @@ impl Winit {
            self.backend.submit(Some(damage)).unwrap();

            let mut presentation_feedbacks = niri.take_presentation_feedbacks(output, &res.states);
-            let mode = output.current_mode().unwrap();
-            let refresh = Duration::from_secs_f64(1_000f64 / mode.refresh as f64);
            presentation_feedbacks.presented::<_, smithay::utils::Monotonic>(
                get_monotonic_time(),
-                refresh,
+                Refresh::Unknown,
                0,
                wp_presentation_feedback::Kind::empty(),
            );
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ pub enum Msg {
    Workspaces,
    /// List open windows.
    Windows,
+    /// List open layer-shell surfaces.
+    Layers,
    /// Get the configured keyboard layouts.
    KeyboardLayouts,
    /// Print information about the focused output.
@@ -4,12 +4,11 @@ use std::env;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::io::Read;
 use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::sync::Mutex;

 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
 use smithay::backend::allocator::Fourcc;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::memory::MemoryRenderBuffer;
-use smithay::input::pointer::{CursorIcon, CursorImageAttributes, CursorImageStatus};
+use smithay::input::pointer::{CursorIcon, CursorImageStatus, CursorImageSurfaceData};
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use smithay::utils::{IsAlive, Logical, Physical, Point, Transform};
 use smithay::wayland::compositor::with_states;
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ impl CursorManager {
                let hotspot = with_states(&surface, |states| {
                    states
                        .data_map
-                        .get::<Mutex<CursorImageAttributes>>()
+                        .get::<CursorImageSurfaceData>()
                        .unwrap()
                        .lock()
                        .unwrap()
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock};
 use anyhow::Context;
 use futures_util::StreamExt;
 use zbus::fdo::{self, RequestNameFlags};
+use zbus::message::Header;
 use zbus::names::{OwnedUniqueName, UniqueName};
 use zbus::zvariant::NoneValue;
-use zbus::{dbus_interface, MessageHeader, Task};
+use zbus::{interface, Task};

 use super::Start;

@@ -20,11 +21,11 @@ pub struct ScreenSaver {
    monitor_task: Arc<OnceLock<Task<()>>>,
 }

-#[dbus_interface(name = "org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver")]
+#[interface(name = "org.freedesktop.ScreenSaver")]
 impl ScreenSaver {
    async fn inhibit(
        &mut self,
-        #[zbus(header)] hdr: MessageHeader<'_>,
+        #[zbus(header)] hdr: Header<'_>,
        application_name: &str,
        reason_for_inhibit: &str,
    ) -> fdo::Result<u32> {
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ impl ScreenSaver {
            hdr.sender()
        );

-        let Ok(Some(name)) = hdr.sender() else {
+        let Some(name) = hdr.sender() else {
            return Err(fdo::Error::Failed(String::from("no sender")));
        };
        let name = OwnedUniqueName::from(name.to_owned());
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;

 use zbus::fdo::{self, RequestNameFlags};
+use zbus::interface;
+use zbus::object_server::SignalEmitter;
 use zbus::zvariant::{SerializeDict, Type, Value};
-use zbus::{dbus_interface, SignalContext};

 use super::Start;

@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ pub struct WindowProperties {
    pub app_id: String,
 }

-#[dbus_interface(name = "org.gnome.Shell.Introspect")]
+#[interface(name = "org.gnome.Shell.Introspect")]
 impl Introspect {
    async fn get_windows(&self) -> fdo::Result<HashMap<u64, WindowProperties>> {
        if let Err(err) = self.to_niri.send(IntrospectToNiri::GetWindows) {
@@ -52,8 +53,8 @@ impl Introspect {

    // FIXME: call this upon window changes, once more of the infrastructure is there (will be
    // needed for the event stream IPC anyway).
-    #[dbus_interface(signal)]
-    pub async fn windows_changed(ctxt: &SignalContext<'_>) -> zbus::Result<()>;
+    #[zbus(signal)]
+    pub async fn windows_changed(ctxt: &SignalEmitter<'_>) -> zbus::Result<()>;
 }

 impl Introspect {
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;

-use zbus::dbus_interface;
 use zbus::fdo::{self, RequestNameFlags};
+use zbus::interface;

 use super::Start;

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub enum NiriToScreenshot {
    ScreenshotResult(Option<PathBuf>),
 }

-#[dbus_interface(name = "org.gnome.Shell.Screenshot")]
+#[interface(name = "org.gnome.Shell.Screenshot")]
 impl Screenshot {
    async fn screenshot(
        &self,
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use zbus::blocking::Connection;
-use zbus::Interface;
+use zbus::object_server::Interface;

 use crate::niri::State;

@@ -45,12 +45,39 @@ impl DBusServers {
        let mut dbus = Self::default();

        if is_session_instance {
-            let service_channel = ServiceChannel::new(niri.display_handle.clone());
+            let (to_niri, from_service_channel) = calloop::channel::channel();
+            let service_channel = ServiceChannel::new(to_niri);
+            niri.event_loop
+                .insert_source(from_service_channel, move |event, _, state| match event {
+                    calloop::channel::Event::Msg(new_client) => {
+                        state.niri.insert_client(new_client);
+                    }
+                    calloop::channel::Event::Closed => (),
+                })
+                .unwrap();
            dbus.conn_service_channel = try_start(service_channel);
        }

        if is_session_instance || config.debug.dbus_interfaces_in_non_session_instances {
-            let display_config = DisplayConfig::new(backend.ipc_outputs());
+            let (to_niri, from_display_config) = calloop::channel::channel();
+            let display_config = DisplayConfig::new(to_niri, backend.ipc_outputs());
+            niri.event_loop
+                .insert_source(from_display_config, move |event, _, state| match event {
+                    calloop::channel::Event::Msg(new_conf) => {
+                        for (name, conf) in new_conf {
+                            state.modify_output_config(&name, move |output| {
+                                if let Some(new_output) = conf {
+                                    *output = new_output;
+                                } else {
+                                    output.off = true;
+                                }
+                            });
+                        }
+                        state.reload_output_config();
+                    }
+                    calloop::channel::Event::Closed => (),
+                })
+                .unwrap();
            dbus.conn_display_config = try_start(display_config);

            let screen_saver = ScreenSaver::new(niri.is_fdo_idle_inhibited.clone());
@@ -83,7 +110,7 @@ impl DBusServers {
            dbus.conn_introspect = try_start(introspect);

            #[cfg(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast")]
-            if niri.pipewire.is_some() {
+            {
                let (to_niri, from_screen_cast) = calloop::channel::channel();
                niri.event_loop
                    .insert_source(from_screen_cast, {
@@ -95,8 +122,6 @@ impl DBusServers {
                    .unwrap();
                let screen_cast = ScreenCast::new(backend.ipc_outputs(), to_niri);
                dbus.conn_screen_cast = try_start(screen_cast);
-            } else {
-                warn!("disabling screencast support because we couldn't start PipeWire");
            }
        }

@@ -1,15 +1,21 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

-use serde::Serialize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use smithay::utils::Size;
 use zbus::fdo::RequestNameFlags;
+use zbus::object_server::SignalEmitter;
 use zbus::zvariant::{self, OwnedValue, Type};
-use zbus::{dbus_interface, fdo, SignalContext};
+use zbus::{fdo, interface};

 use super::Start;
 use crate::backend::IpcOutputMap;
+use crate::utils::is_laptop_panel;
+use crate::utils::scale::supported_scales;

 pub struct DisplayConfig {
+    to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<HashMap<String, Option<niri_config::Output>>>,
    ipc_outputs: Arc<Mutex<IpcOutputMap>>,
 }

@@ -42,7 +48,18 @@ pub struct LogicalMonitor {
    properties: HashMap<String, OwnedValue>,
 }

-#[dbus_interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.DisplayConfig")]
+// ApplyMonitorsConfig
+#[derive(Deserialize, Type)]
+pub struct LogicalMonitorConfiguration {
+    x: i32,
+    y: i32,
+    scale: f64,
+    transform: u32,
+    _is_primary: bool,
+    monitors: Vec<(String, String, HashMap<String, OwnedValue>)>,
+}
+
+#[interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.DisplayConfig")]
 impl DisplayConfig {
    async fn get_current_state(
        &self,
@@ -53,75 +70,70 @@ impl DisplayConfig {
        HashMap<String, OwnedValue>,
    )> {
        // Construct the DBus response.
-        let mut monitors: Vec<(Monitor, LogicalMonitor)> = self
-            .ipc_outputs
-            .lock()
-            .unwrap()
-            .values()
-            // Take only enabled outputs.
-            .filter(|output| output.current_mode.is_some() && output.logical.is_some())
-            .map(|output| {
-                // Loosely matches the check in Mutter.
-                let c = &output.name;
-                let is_laptop_panel = matches!(c.get(..4), Some("eDP-" | "LVDS" | "DSI-"));
-                let display_name = make_display_name(output, is_laptop_panel);
+        let mut monitors = Vec::new();
+        let mut logical_monitors = Vec::new();

-                let mut properties = HashMap::new();
-                properties.insert(
-                    String::from("display-name"),
-                    OwnedValue::from(zvariant::Str::from(display_name)),
-                );
-                properties.insert(
-                    String::from("is-builtin"),
-                    OwnedValue::from(is_laptop_panel),
-                );
+        for output in self.ipc_outputs.lock().unwrap().values() {
+            // Loosely matches the check in Mutter.
+            let c = &output.name;
+            let is_laptop_panel = is_laptop_panel(c);
+            let display_name = make_display_name(output, is_laptop_panel);

-                let mut modes: Vec<Mode> = output
-                    .modes
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|m| {
-                        let niri_ipc::Mode {
-                            width,
-                            height,
-                            refresh_rate,
-                            is_preferred,
-                        } = *m;
-                        let refresh = refresh_rate as f64 / 1000.;
+            let mut properties = HashMap::new();
+            properties.insert(
+                String::from("display-name"),
+                OwnedValue::from(zvariant::Str::from(display_name)),
+            );
+            properties.insert(
+                String::from("is-builtin"),
+                OwnedValue::from(is_laptop_panel),
+            );

-                        Mode {
-                            id: format!("{width}x{height}@{refresh:.3}"),
-                            width: i32::from(width),
-                            height: i32::from(height),
-                            refresh_rate: refresh,
-                            preferred_scale: 1.,
-                            supported_scales: vec![1., 2., 3.],
-                            properties: HashMap::from([(
-                                String::from("is-preferred"),
-                                OwnedValue::from(is_preferred),
-                            )]),
-                        }
-                    })
-                    .collect();
-                modes[output.current_mode.unwrap()]
+            let mut modes: Vec<Mode> = output
+                .modes
+                .iter()
+                .map(|m| {
+                    let niri_ipc::Mode {
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        refresh_rate,
+                        is_preferred,
+                    } = *m;
+                    let width = i32::from(width);
+                    let height = i32::from(height);
+                    let refresh_rate = refresh_rate as f64 / 1000.;
+
+                    Mode {
+                        id: format!("{width}x{height}@{refresh_rate:.3}"),
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        refresh_rate,
+                        preferred_scale: 1.,
+                        supported_scales: supported_scales(Size::from((width, height))).collect(),
+                        properties: HashMap::from([(
+                            String::from("is-preferred"),
+                            OwnedValue::from(is_preferred),
+                        )]),
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect();
+            if let Some(mode) = output.current_mode {
+                modes[mode]
                    .properties
                    .insert(String::from("is-current"), OwnedValue::from(true));
+            }

-                let connector = c.clone();
-                let model = output.model.clone();
-                let make = output.make.clone();
+            let connector = c.clone();
+            let model = output.model.clone();
+            let make = output.make.clone();

-                // Serial is used for session restore, so fall back to the connector name if it's
-                // not available.
-                let serial = output.serial.as_ref().unwrap_or(&connector).clone();
+            // Serial is used for session restore, so fall back to the connector name if it's
+            // not available.
+            let serial = output.serial.as_ref().unwrap_or(&connector).clone();

-                let monitor = Monitor {
-                    names: (connector, make, model, serial),
-                    modes,
-                    properties,
-                };
-
-                let logical = output.logical.as_ref().unwrap();
+            let names = (connector, make, model, serial);

+            if let Some(logical) = output.logical.as_ref() {
                let transform = match logical.transform {
                    niri_ipc::Transform::Normal => 0,
                    niri_ipc::Transform::_90 => 1,
@@ -133,35 +145,151 @@ impl DisplayConfig {
                    niri_ipc::Transform::Flipped270 => 7,
                };

-                let logical_monitor = LogicalMonitor {
+                logical_monitors.push(LogicalMonitor {
                    x: logical.x,
                    y: logical.y,
                    scale: logical.scale,
                    transform,
                    is_primary: false,
-                    monitors: vec![monitor.names.clone()],
+                    monitors: vec![names.clone()],
                    properties: HashMap::new(),
-                };
+                });
+            }

-                (monitor, logical_monitor)
-            })
-            .collect();
+            monitors.push(Monitor {
+                names,
+                modes,
+                properties,
+            });
+        }

        // Sort by connector.
-        monitors.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.0.names.0.cmp(&b.0.names.0));
+        monitors.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.names.0.cmp(&b.names.0));
+        logical_monitors.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.monitors[0].0.cmp(&b.monitors[0].0));

-        let (monitors, logical_monitors) = monitors.into_iter().unzip();
        let properties = HashMap::from([(String::from("layout-mode"), OwnedValue::from(1u32))]);
        Ok((0, monitors, logical_monitors, properties))
    }

-    #[dbus_interface(signal)]
-    pub async fn monitors_changed(ctxt: &SignalContext<'_>) -> zbus::Result<()>;
+    async fn apply_monitors_config(
+        &self,
+        _serial: u32,
+        method: u32,
+        logical_monitor_configs: Vec<LogicalMonitorConfiguration>,
+        _properties: HashMap<String, OwnedValue>,
+    ) -> fdo::Result<()> {
+        let current_conf = self.ipc_outputs.lock().unwrap();
+        let mut new_conf = HashMap::new();
+        for requested_config in logical_monitor_configs {
+            if requested_config.monitors.len() > 1 {
+                return Err(zbus::fdo::Error::Failed(
+                    "Mirroring is not yet supported".to_owned(),
+                ));
+            }
+            for (connector, mode, _props) in requested_config.monitors {
+                if !current_conf.values().any(|o| o.name == connector) {
+                    return Err(zbus::fdo::Error::Failed(format!(
+                        "Connector '{}' not found",
+                        connector
+                    )));
+                }
+                new_conf.insert(
+                    connector.clone(),
+                    Some(niri_config::Output {
+                        off: false,
+                        name: connector,
+                        scale: Some(niri_config::FloatOrInt(requested_config.scale)),
+                        transform: match requested_config.transform {
+                            0 => niri_ipc::Transform::Normal,
+                            1 => niri_ipc::Transform::_90,
+                            2 => niri_ipc::Transform::_180,
+                            3 => niri_ipc::Transform::_270,
+                            4 => niri_ipc::Transform::Flipped,
+                            5 => niri_ipc::Transform::Flipped90,
+                            6 => niri_ipc::Transform::Flipped180,
+                            7 => niri_ipc::Transform::Flipped270,
+                            x => {
+                                return Err(zbus::fdo::Error::Failed(format!(
+                                    "Unknown transform {}",
+                                    x
+                                )))
+                            }
+                        },
+                        position: Some(niri_config::Position {
+                            x: requested_config.x,
+                            y: requested_config.y,
+                        }),
+                        mode: Some(niri_ipc::ConfiguredMode::from_str(&mode).map_err(|e| {
+                            zbus::fdo::Error::Failed(format!(
+                                "Could not parse mode '{}': {}",
+                                mode, e
+                            ))
+                        })?),
+                        // FIXME: VRR
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    }),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        if new_conf.is_empty() {
+            return Err(zbus::fdo::Error::Failed(
+                "At least one output must be enabled".to_owned(),
+            ));
+        }
+        for output in current_conf.values() {
+            if !new_conf.contains_key(&output.name) {
+                new_conf.insert(output.name.clone(), None);
+            }
+        }
+        if method == 0 {
+            // 0 means "verify", so don't actually apply here
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if let Err(err) = self.to_niri.send(new_conf) {
+            warn!("error sending message to niri: {err:?}");
+            return Err(fdo::Error::Failed("internal error".to_owned()));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[zbus(signal)]
+    pub async fn monitors_changed(ctxt: &SignalEmitter<'_>) -> zbus::Result<()>;
+
+    #[zbus(property)]
+    fn power_save_mode(&self) -> i32 {
+        -1
+    }
+
+    #[zbus(property)]
+    fn set_power_save_mode(&self, _mode: i32) -> zbus::Result<()> {
+        Err(zbus::Error::Unsupported)
+    }
+
+    #[zbus(property)]
+    fn panel_orientation_managed(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+
+    #[zbus(property)]
+    fn apply_monitors_config_allowed(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
+    #[zbus(property)]
+    fn night_light_supported(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
 }

 impl DisplayConfig {
-    pub fn new(ipc_outputs: Arc<Mutex<IpcOutputMap>>) -> Self {
-        Self { ipc_outputs }
+    pub fn new(
+        to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<HashMap<String, Option<niri_config::Output>>>,
+        ipc_outputs: Arc<Mutex<IpcOutputMap>>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            to_niri,
+            ipc_outputs,
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -211,16 +339,16 @@ fn format_diagonal(diagonal_inches: f64) -> String {

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use k9::snapshot;
+    use insta::assert_snapshot;

    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_format_diagonal() {
-        snapshot!(format_diagonal(12.11), "12.1″");
-        snapshot!(format_diagonal(13.28), "13.3″");
-        snapshot!(format_diagonal(15.6), "15.6″");
-        snapshot!(format_diagonal(23.2), "23″");
-        snapshot!(format_diagonal(24.8), "25″");
+        assert_snapshot!(format_diagonal(12.11), @"12.1″");
+        assert_snapshot!(format_diagonal(13.28), @"13.3″");
+        assert_snapshot!(format_diagonal(15.6), @"15.6″");
+        assert_snapshot!(format_diagonal(23.2), @"23″");
+        assert_snapshot!(format_diagonal(24.8), @"25″");
    }
 }
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};

 use serde::Deserialize;
 use zbus::fdo::RequestNameFlags;
+use zbus::object_server::{InterfaceRef, SignalEmitter};
 use zbus::zvariant::{DeserializeDict, OwnedObjectPath, SerializeDict, Type, Value};
-use zbus::{dbus_interface, fdo, InterfaceRef, ObjectServer, SignalContext};
+use zbus::{fdo, interface, ObjectServer};

 use super::Start;
 use crate::backend::IpcOutputMap;
@@ -94,14 +95,14 @@ pub enum ScreenCastToNiri {
        session_id: usize,
        target: StreamTargetId,
        cursor_mode: CursorMode,
-        signal_ctx: SignalContext<'static>,
+        signal_ctx: SignalEmitter<'static>,
    },
    StopCast {
        session_id: usize,
    },
 }

-#[dbus_interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.ScreenCast")]
+#[interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.ScreenCast")]
 impl ScreenCast {
    async fn create_session(
        &self,
@@ -136,26 +137,26 @@ impl ScreenCast {
        Ok(path)
    }

-    #[dbus_interface(property)]
+    #[zbus(property)]
    async fn version(&self) -> i32 {
        4
    }
 }

-#[dbus_interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.ScreenCast.Session")]
+#[interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.ScreenCast.Session")]
 impl Session {
    async fn start(&self) {
        debug!("start");

        for (stream, iface) in &*self.streams.lock().unwrap() {
-            stream.start(self.id, iface.signal_context().clone());
+            stream.start(self.id, iface.signal_emitter().clone());
        }
    }

    pub async fn stop(
        &self,
        #[zbus(object_server)] server: &ObjectServer,
-        #[zbus(signal_context)] ctxt: SignalContext<'_>,
+        #[zbus(signal_context)] ctxt: SignalEmitter<'_>,
    ) {
        debug!("stop");

@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ impl Session {
        let streams = mem::take(&mut *self.streams.lock().unwrap());
        for (_, iface) in streams.iter() {
            server
-                .remove::<Stream, _>(iface.signal_context().path())
+                .remove::<Stream, _>(iface.signal_emitter().path())
                .await
                .unwrap();
        }
@@ -264,17 +265,17 @@ impl Session {
        Ok(path)
    }

-    #[dbus_interface(signal)]
-    async fn closed(ctxt: &SignalContext<'_>) -> zbus::Result<()>;
+    #[zbus(signal)]
+    async fn closed(ctxt: &SignalEmitter<'_>) -> zbus::Result<()>;
 }

-#[dbus_interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.ScreenCast.Stream")]
+#[interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.ScreenCast.Stream")]
 impl Stream {
-    #[dbus_interface(signal)]
-    pub async fn pipe_wire_stream_added(ctxt: &SignalContext<'_>, node_id: u32)
+    #[zbus(signal)]
+    pub async fn pipe_wire_stream_added(ctxt: &SignalEmitter<'_>, node_id: u32)
        -> zbus::Result<()>;

-    #[dbus_interface(property)]
+    #[zbus(property)]
    async fn parameters(&self) -> StreamParameters {
        match &self.target {
            StreamTarget::Output(output) => {
@@ -361,7 +362,7 @@ impl Stream {
        }
    }

-    fn start(&self, session_id: usize, ctxt: SignalContext<'static>) {
+    fn start(&self, session_id: usize, ctxt: SignalEmitter<'static>) {
        if self.was_started.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return;
        }
@@ -1,50 +1,51 @@
-use std::os::fd::{FromRawFd, IntoRawFd};
 use std::os::unix::net::UnixStream;
-use std::sync::Arc;

-use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::DisplayHandle;
-use zbus::dbus_interface;
+use zbus::{fdo, interface, zvariant};

 use super::Start;
-use crate::niri::ClientState;
+use crate::niri::NewClient;

 pub struct ServiceChannel {
-    display: DisplayHandle,
+    to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<NewClient>,
 }

-#[dbus_interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.ServiceChannel")]
+#[interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.ServiceChannel")]
 impl ServiceChannel {
    async fn open_wayland_service_connection(
        &mut self,
        service_client_type: u32,
-    ) -> zbus::fdo::Result<zbus::zvariant::OwnedFd> {
+    ) -> fdo::Result<zvariant::OwnedFd> {
        if service_client_type != 1 {
-            return Err(zbus::fdo::Error::InvalidArgs(
+            return Err(fdo::Error::InvalidArgs(
                "Invalid service client type".to_owned(),
            ));
        }

        let (sock1, sock2) = UnixStream::pair().unwrap();
-        let data = Arc::new(ClientState {
-            compositor_state: Default::default(),
-            // Would be nice to thread config here but for now it's fine.
-            can_view_decoration_globals: false,
+        let client = NewClient {
+            client: sock2,
            restricted: false,
-        });
-        self.display.insert_client(sock2, data).unwrap();
-        Ok(unsafe { zbus::zvariant::OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(sock1.into_raw_fd()) })
+            // FIXME: maybe you can get the PID from D-Bus somehow?
+            credentials_unknown: true,
+        };
+        if let Err(err) = self.to_niri.send(client) {
+            warn!("error sending message to niri: {err:?}");
+            return Err(fdo::Error::Failed("internal error".to_owned()));
+        }
+
+        Ok(zvariant::OwnedFd::from(std::os::fd::OwnedFd::from(sock1)))
    }
 }

 impl ServiceChannel {
-    pub fn new(display: DisplayHandle) -> Self {
-        Self { display }
+    pub fn new(to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<NewClient>) -> Self {
+        Self { to_niri }
    }
 }

 impl Start for ServiceChannel {
    fn start(self) -> anyhow::Result<zbus::blocking::Connection> {
-        let conn = zbus::blocking::ConnectionBuilder::session()?
+        let conn = zbus::blocking::connection::Builder::session()?
            .name("org.gnome.Mutter.ServiceChannel")?
            .serve_at("/org/gnome/Mutter/ServiceChannel", self)?
            .build()?;
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;

+use niri_ipc::PositionChange;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::utils::{on_commit_buffer_handler, with_renderer_surface_state};
 use smithay::input::pointer::{CursorImageStatus, CursorImageSurfaceData};
 use smithay::reexports::calloop::Interest;
@@ -18,6 +19,8 @@ use smithay::wayland::shm::{ShmHandler, ShmState};
 use smithay::{delegate_compositor, delegate_shm};

 use super::xdg_shell::add_mapped_toplevel_pre_commit_hook;
+use crate::handlers::XDG_ACTIVATION_TOKEN_TIMEOUT;
+use crate::layout::{ActivateWindow, AddWindowTarget};
 use crate::niri::{ClientState, State};
 use crate::utils::send_scale_transform;
 use crate::utils::transaction::Transaction;
@@ -84,16 +87,23 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {

                if is_mapped {
                    // The toplevel got mapped.
-                    let Unmapped { window, state } = entry.remove();
+                    let Unmapped {
+                        window,
+                        state,
+                        activation_token_data,
+                    } = entry.remove();

                    window.on_commit();

                    let toplevel = window.toplevel().expect("no X11 support");

-                    let (rules, width, is_full_width, output, workspace_name) =
+                    let (rules, width, height, is_full_width, output, workspace_id) =
                        if let InitialConfigureState::Configured {
                            rules,
                            width,
+                            height,
+                            floating_width: _,
+                            floating_height: _,
                            is_full_width,
                            output,
                            workspace_name,
@@ -104,15 +114,48 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
                                output.filter(|o| self.niri.layout.monitor_for_output(o).is_some());

                            // Check that the workspace still exists.
-                            let workspace_name = workspace_name
-                                .filter(|n| self.niri.layout.find_workspace_by_name(n).is_some());
+                            let workspace_id = workspace_name
+                                .as_deref()
+                                .and_then(|n| self.niri.layout.find_workspace_by_name(n))
+                                .map(|(_, ws)| ws.id());

-                            (rules, width, is_full_width, output, workspace_name)
+                            (rules, width, height, is_full_width, output, workspace_id)
                        } else {
                            error!("window map must happen after initial configure");
-                            (ResolvedWindowRules::empty(), None, false, None, None)
+                            (ResolvedWindowRules::empty(), None, None, false, None, None)
                        };

+                    // The GTK about dialog sets min/max size after the initial configure but
+                    // before mapping, so we need to compute open_floating at the last possible
+                    // moment, that is here.
+                    let is_floating = rules.compute_open_floating(toplevel);
+
+                    // Figure out if we should activate the window.
+                    let activate = rules.open_focused.map(|focus| {
+                        if focus {
+                            ActivateWindow::Yes
+                        } else {
+                            ActivateWindow::No
+                        }
+                    });
+                    let activate = activate.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                        // Check the token timestamp again in case the window took a while between
+                        // requesting activation and mapping.
+                        let token = activation_token_data.filter(|token| {
+                            token.timestamp.elapsed() < XDG_ACTIVATION_TOKEN_TIMEOUT
+                        });
+                        if token.is_some() {
+                            ActivateWindow::Yes
+                        } else {
+                            let config = self.niri.config.borrow();
+                            if config.debug.strict_new_window_focus_policy {
+                                ActivateWindow::No
+                            } else {
+                                ActivateWindow::Smart
+                            }
+                        }
+                    });
+
                    let parent = toplevel
                        .parent()
                        .and_then(|parent| self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&parent))
@@ -123,7 +166,9 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
                        // None. If the configured output is set, that means it was set explicitly
                        // by a window rule or a fullscreen request.
                        .filter(|(_, parent_output)| {
-                            output.is_none() || output.as_ref() == Some(*parent_output)
+                            parent_output.is_none()
+                                || output.is_none()
+                                || output.as_ref() == *parent_output
                        })
                        .map(|(mapped, _)| mapped.window.clone());

@@ -133,34 +178,34 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
                    let mapped = Mapped::new(window, rules, hook);
                    let window = mapped.window.clone();

-                    let output = if let Some(p) = parent {
-                        // Open dialogs immediately to the right of their parent window.
-                        self.niri
-                            .layout
-                            .add_window_right_of(&p, mapped, width, is_full_width)
-                    } else if let Some(workspace_name) = &workspace_name {
-                        self.niri.layout.add_window_to_named_workspace(
-                            workspace_name,
-                            mapped,
-                            width,
-                            is_full_width,
-                        )
+                    let target = if let Some(p) = &parent {
+                        // Open dialogs next to their parent window.
+                        AddWindowTarget::NextTo(p)
+                    } else if let Some(id) = workspace_id {
+                        AddWindowTarget::Workspace(id)
                    } else if let Some(output) = &output {
-                        self.niri
-                            .layout
-                            .add_window_on_output(output, mapped, width, is_full_width);
-                        Some(output)
+                        AddWindowTarget::Output(output)
                    } else {
-                        self.niri.layout.add_window(mapped, width, is_full_width)
+                        AddWindowTarget::Auto
                    };
+                    let output = self.niri.layout.add_window(
+                        mapped,
+                        target,
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        is_full_width,
+                        is_floating,
+                        activate,
+                    );

                    if let Some(output) = output.cloned() {
                        self.niri.layout.start_open_animation_for_window(&window);

-                        let new_active_window =
-                            self.niri.layout.active_window().map(|(m, _)| &m.window);
-                        if new_active_window == Some(&window) {
+                        let new_focus = self.niri.layout.focus().map(|m| &m.window);
+                        if new_focus == Some(&window) {
+                            // We activated the newly opened window.
                            self.maybe_warp_cursor_to_focus();
+                            self.niri.layer_shell_on_demand_focus = None;
                        }

                        self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
@@ -180,7 +225,7 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
            // This is a commit of a previously-mapped root or a non-toplevel root.
            if let Some((mapped, output)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(surface) {
                let window = mapped.window.clone();
-                let output = output.clone();
+                let output = output.cloned();

                #[cfg(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast")]
                let id = mapped.id();
@@ -210,7 +255,7 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
                    // The toplevel got unmapped.
                    //
                    // Test client: wleird-unmap.
-                    let active_window = self.niri.layout.active_window().map(|(m, _)| &m.window);
+                    let active_window = self.niri.layout.focus().map(|m| &m.window);
                    let was_active = active_window == Some(&window);

                    #[cfg(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast")]
@@ -237,18 +282,27 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
                    let unmapped = Unmapped::new(window);
                    self.niri.unmapped_windows.insert(surface.clone(), unmapped);

-                    self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+                    if let Some(output) = output {
+                        self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+                    }
                    return;
                }

-                let serial = with_states(surface, |states| {
+                let (serial, buffer_delta) = with_states(surface, |states| {
+                    let buffer_delta = states
+                        .cached_state
+                        .get::<SurfaceAttributes>()
+                        .current()
+                        .buffer_delta
+                        .take();
+
                    let role = states
                        .data_map
                        .get::<XdgToplevelSurfaceData>()
                        .unwrap()
                        .lock()
                        .unwrap();
-                    role.configure_serial
+                    (role.configure_serial, buffer_delta)
                });
                if serial.is_none() {
                    error!("commit on a mapped surface without a configured serial");
@@ -257,10 +311,25 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
                // The toplevel remains mapped.
                self.niri.layout.update_window(&window, serial);

-                // Popup placement depends on window size which might have changed.
-                self.update_reactive_popups(&window, &output);
+                // Move the toplevel according to the attach offset.
+                if let Some(delta) = buffer_delta {
+                    if delta.x != 0 || delta.y != 0 {
+                        let (x, y) = delta.to_f64().into();
+                        self.niri.layout.move_floating_window(
+                            Some(&window),
+                            PositionChange::AdjustFixed(x),
+                            PositionChange::AdjustFixed(y),
+                            false,
+                        );
+                    }
+                }

-                self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+                // Popup placement depends on window size which might have changed.
+                self.update_reactive_popups(&window);
+
+                if let Some(output) = output {
+                    self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+                }
                return;
            }

@@ -271,10 +340,12 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
        let root_window_output = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root_surface);
        if let Some((mapped, output)) = root_window_output {
            let window = mapped.window.clone();
-            let output = output.clone();
+            let output = output.cloned();
            window.on_commit();
            self.niri.layout.update_window(&window, None);
-            self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+            if let Some(output) = output {
+                self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+            }
            return;
        }

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use smithay::wayland::shell::wlr_layer::{
 };
 use smithay::wayland::shell::xdg::PopupSurface;

+use crate::layer::{MappedLayer, ResolvedLayerRules};
 use crate::niri::State;
 use crate::utils::send_scale_transform;

@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ impl WlrLayerShellHandler for State {
                layer.map(|layer| (o.clone(), map, layer))
            }) {
            map.unmap_layer(&layer);
+            self.niri.mapped_layer_surfaces.remove(&layer);
            Some(output)
        } else {
            None
@@ -128,6 +130,22 @@ impl State {
                if is_mapped {
                    let was_unmapped = self.niri.unmapped_layer_surfaces.remove(surface);

+                    // Resolve rules for newly mapped layer surfaces.
+                    if was_unmapped {
+                        let config = self.niri.config.borrow();
+                        let rules = &config.layer_rules;
+                        let rules =
+                            ResolvedLayerRules::compute(rules, layer, self.niri.is_at_startup);
+                        let mapped = MappedLayer::new(layer.clone(), rules, &config);
+                        let prev = self
+                            .niri
+                            .mapped_layer_surfaces
+                            .insert(layer.clone(), mapped);
+                        if prev.is_some() {
+                            error!("MappedLayer was present for an unmapped surface");
+                        }
+                    }
+
                    // Give focus to newly mapped on-demand surfaces. Some launchers like
                    // lxqt-runner rely on this behavior. While this behavior doesn't make much
                    // sense for other clients like panels, the consensus seems to be that it's not
@@ -151,6 +169,7 @@ impl State {
                        self.niri.layer_shell_on_demand_focus = Some(layer.clone());
                    }
                } else {
+                    self.niri.mapped_layer_surfaces.remove(layer);
                    self.niri.unmapped_layer_surfaces.insert(surface.clone());
                }
            } else {
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ use std::io::Write;
 use std::os::fd::OwnedFd;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::thread;
+use std::time::Duration;

 use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
 use smithay::backend::drm::DrmNode;
-use smithay::backend::input::TabletToolDescriptor;
+use smithay::backend::input::{InputEvent, TabletToolDescriptor};
 use smithay::desktop::{PopupKind, PopupManager};
 use smithay::input::pointer::{
    CursorIcon, CursorImageStatus, CursorImageSurfaceData, PointerHandle,
@@ -34,6 +35,9 @@ use smithay::wayland::fractional_scale::FractionalScaleHandler;
 use smithay::wayland::idle_inhibit::IdleInhibitHandler;
 use smithay::wayland::idle_notify::{IdleNotifierHandler, IdleNotifierState};
 use smithay::wayland::input_method::{InputMethodHandler, PopupSurface};
+use smithay::wayland::keyboard_shortcuts_inhibit::{
+    KeyboardShortcutsInhibitHandler, KeyboardShortcutsInhibitState, KeyboardShortcutsInhibitor,
+};
 use smithay::wayland::output::OutputHandler;
 use smithay::wayland::pointer_constraints::{with_pointer_constraint, PointerConstraintsHandler};
 use smithay::wayland::security_context::{
@@ -43,10 +47,15 @@ use smithay::wayland::selection::data_device::{
    set_data_device_focus, ClientDndGrabHandler, DataDeviceHandler, DataDeviceState,
    ServerDndGrabHandler,
 };
+use smithay::wayland::selection::ext_data_control::{
+    DataControlHandler as ExtDataControlHandler, DataControlState as ExtDataControlState,
+};
 use smithay::wayland::selection::primary_selection::{
    set_primary_focus, PrimarySelectionHandler, PrimarySelectionState,
 };
-use smithay::wayland::selection::wlr_data_control::{DataControlHandler, DataControlState};
+use smithay::wayland::selection::wlr_data_control::{
+    DataControlHandler as WlrDataControlHandler, DataControlState as WlrDataControlState,
+};
 use smithay::wayland::selection::{SelectionHandler, SelectionTarget};
 use smithay::wayland::session_lock::{
    LockSurface, SessionLockHandler, SessionLockManagerState, SessionLocker,
@@ -57,16 +66,17 @@ use smithay::wayland::xdg_activation::{
 };
 use smithay::{
    delegate_cursor_shape, delegate_data_control, delegate_data_device, delegate_dmabuf,
-    delegate_drm_lease, delegate_fractional_scale, delegate_idle_inhibit, delegate_idle_notify,
-    delegate_input_method_manager, delegate_output, delegate_pointer_constraints,
+    delegate_drm_lease, delegate_ext_data_control, delegate_fractional_scale,
+    delegate_idle_inhibit, delegate_idle_notify, delegate_input_method_manager,
+    delegate_keyboard_shortcuts_inhibit, delegate_output, delegate_pointer_constraints,
    delegate_pointer_gestures, delegate_presentation, delegate_primary_selection,
    delegate_relative_pointer, delegate_seat, delegate_security_context, delegate_session_lock,
-    delegate_tablet_manager, delegate_text_input_manager, delegate_viewporter,
-    delegate_virtual_keyboard_manager, delegate_xdg_activation,
+    delegate_single_pixel_buffer, delegate_tablet_manager, delegate_text_input_manager,
+    delegate_viewporter, delegate_virtual_keyboard_manager, delegate_xdg_activation,
 };

 pub use crate::handlers::xdg_shell::KdeDecorationsModeState;
-use crate::niri::{ClientState, DndIcon, State};
+use crate::niri::{DndIcon, NewClient, State};
 use crate::protocols::foreign_toplevel::{
    self, ForeignToplevelHandler, ForeignToplevelManagerState,
 };
@@ -74,12 +84,19 @@ use crate::protocols::gamma_control::{GammaControlHandler, GammaControlManagerSt
 use crate::protocols::mutter_x11_interop::MutterX11InteropHandler;
 use crate::protocols::output_management::{OutputManagementHandler, OutputManagementManagerState};
 use crate::protocols::screencopy::{Screencopy, ScreencopyHandler, ScreencopyManagerState};
-use crate::utils::{output_size, send_scale_transform};
+use crate::protocols::virtual_pointer::{
+    VirtualPointerAxisEvent, VirtualPointerButtonEvent, VirtualPointerHandler,
+    VirtualPointerInputBackend, VirtualPointerManagerState, VirtualPointerMotionAbsoluteEvent,
+    VirtualPointerMotionEvent,
+};
+use crate::utils::{output_size, send_scale_transform, with_toplevel_role};
 use crate::{
    delegate_foreign_toplevel, delegate_gamma_control, delegate_mutter_x11_interop,
-    delegate_output_management, delegate_screencopy,
+    delegate_output_management, delegate_screencopy, delegate_virtual_pointer,
 };

+pub const XDG_ACTIVATION_TOKEN_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+
 impl SeatHandler for State {
    type KeyboardFocus = WlSurface;
    type PointerFocus = WlSurface;
@@ -137,11 +154,12 @@ impl TabletSeatHandler for State {
 delegate_tablet_manager!(State);

 impl PointerConstraintsHandler for State {
-    fn new_constraint(&mut self, _surface: &WlSurface, pointer: &PointerHandle<Self>) {
-        self.niri.maybe_activate_pointer_constraint(
-            pointer.current_location(),
-            &self.niri.pointer_focus,
-        );
+    fn new_constraint(&mut self, _surface: &WlSurface, _pointer: &PointerHandle<Self>) {
+        // Pointer constraints track pointer focus internally, so make sure it's up to date before
+        // activating a new one.
+        self.refresh_pointer_contents();
+
+        self.niri.maybe_activate_pointer_constraint();
    }

    fn cursor_position_hint(
@@ -151,26 +169,27 @@ impl PointerConstraintsHandler for State {
        location: Point<f64, Logical>,
    ) {
        let is_constraint_active = with_pointer_constraint(surface, pointer, |constraint| {
-            constraint.map_or(false, |c| c.is_active())
+            constraint.is_some_and(|c| c.is_active())
        });

        if !is_constraint_active {
            return;
        }

-        // Logically the following two checks should always succeed (so, they should print
-        // error!()s if they fail). However, currently both can fail because niri's pointer focus
-        // doesn't take pointer grabs into account. So if you start, say, a middle-drag in Blender,
-        // then touchpad-swipe the window away, the niri pointer focus will change, even though the
-        // real pointer focus remains on the Blender surface due to the click grab.
+        // Note: this is surface under pointer, not pointer focus. So if you start, say, a
+        // middle-drag in Blender, then touchpad-swipe the window away, the surface under pointer
+        // will change, even though the real pointer focus remains on the Blender surface due to
+        // the click grab.
        //
-        // FIXME: add error!()s when niri pointer focus takes grabs into account. Alternatively,
-        // recompute the surface origin here (but that is a bit clunky).
-        let Some((ref focused_surface, origin)) = self.niri.pointer_focus.surface else {
+        // Ideally we would just use the constraint surface, but we need its origin. So this is
+        // more of a hack because pointer contents has the surface origin available.
+        //
+        // FIXME: use the constraint surface somehow, don't use pointer contents.
+        let Some((ref surface_under_pointer, origin)) = self.niri.pointer_contents.surface else {
            return;
        };

-        if focused_surface != surface {
+        if surface_under_pointer != surface {
            return;
        }

@@ -238,7 +257,28 @@ impl InputMethodHandler for State {
    }
 }

+impl KeyboardShortcutsInhibitHandler for State {
+    fn keyboard_shortcuts_inhibit_state(&mut self) -> &mut KeyboardShortcutsInhibitState {
+        &mut self.niri.keyboard_shortcuts_inhibit_state
+    }
+
+    fn new_inhibitor(&mut self, inhibitor: KeyboardShortcutsInhibitor) {
+        // FIXME: show a confirmation dialog with a "remember for this application" kind of toggle.
+        inhibitor.activate();
+        self.niri
+            .keyboard_shortcuts_inhibiting_surfaces
+            .insert(inhibitor.wl_surface().clone(), inhibitor);
+    }
+
+    fn inhibitor_destroyed(&mut self, inhibitor: KeyboardShortcutsInhibitor) {
+        self.niri
+            .keyboard_shortcuts_inhibiting_surfaces
+            .remove(&inhibitor.wl_surface().clone());
+    }
+}
+
 delegate_input_method_manager!(State);
+delegate_keyboard_shortcuts_inhibit!(State);
 delegate_virtual_keyboard_manager!(State);

 impl SelectionHandler for State {
@@ -301,7 +341,42 @@ impl ClientDndGrabHandler for State {
        self.niri.queue_redraw_all();
    }

-    fn dropped(&mut self, _seat: Seat<Self>) {
+    fn dropped(&mut self, target: Option<WlSurface>, validated: bool, _seat: Seat<Self>) {
+        trace!("client dropped, target: {target:?}, validated: {validated}");
+
+        // End DnD before activating a specific window below so that it takes precedence.
+        self.niri.layout.dnd_end();
+
+        // Activate the target output, since that's how Firefox drag-tab-into-new-window works for
+        // example. On successful drop, additionally activate the target window.
+        let mut activate_output = true;
+        if let Some(target) = validated.then_some(target).flatten() {
+            let root = self.niri.find_root_shell_surface(&target);
+            if let Some((mapped, _)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root) {
+                let window = mapped.window.clone();
+                self.niri.layout.activate_window(&window);
+                self.niri.layer_shell_on_demand_focus = None;
+                activate_output = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if activate_output {
+            // Find the output from cursor coordinates.
+            //
+            // FIXME: uhhh, we can't actually properly tell if the DnD comes from pointer or touch,
+            // and if it comes from touch, then what the coordinates are. Need to pass more
+            // parameters from Smithay I guess.
+            //
+            // Assume that hidden pointer means touch DnD.
+            if !self.niri.pointer_hidden {
+                // We can't even get the current pointer location because it's locked (we're deep
+                // in the grab call stack here). So use the last known one.
+                if let Some(output) = &self.niri.pointer_contents.output {
+                    self.niri.layout.activate_output(output);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
        self.niri.dnd_icon = None;
        // FIXME: more granular
        self.niri.queue_redraw_all();
@@ -319,14 +394,22 @@ impl PrimarySelectionHandler for State {
 }
 delegate_primary_selection!(State);

-impl DataControlHandler for State {
-    fn data_control_state(&self) -> &DataControlState {
-        &self.niri.data_control_state
+impl WlrDataControlHandler for State {
+    fn data_control_state(&self) -> &WlrDataControlState {
+        &self.niri.wlr_data_control_state
    }
 }

 delegate_data_control!(State);

+impl ExtDataControlHandler for State {
+    fn data_control_state(&self) -> &ExtDataControlState {
+        &self.niri.ext_data_control_state
+    }
+}
+
+delegate_ext_data_control!(State);
+
 impl OutputHandler for State {
    fn output_bound(&mut self, output: Output, wl_output: WlOutput) {
        foreign_toplevel::on_output_bound(self, &output, &wl_output);
@@ -367,6 +450,8 @@ impl SessionLockHandler for State {

    fn unlock(&mut self) {
        self.niri.unlock();
+        self.niri.activate_monitors(&mut self.backend);
+        self.niri.notify_activity();
    }

    fn new_surface(&mut self, surface: LockSurface, output: WlOutput) {
@@ -400,18 +485,12 @@ impl SecurityContextHandler for State {
        self.niri
            .event_loop
            .insert_source(source, move |client, _, state| {
-                let config = state.niri.config.borrow();
-                let data = Arc::new(ClientState {
-                    compositor_state: Default::default(),
-                    can_view_decoration_globals: config.prefer_no_csd,
+                trace!("inserting a new restricted client, context={context:?}");
+                state.niri.insert_client(NewClient {
+                    client,
                    restricted: true,
+                    credentials_unknown: false,
                });
-
-                if let Err(err) = state.niri.display_handle.insert_client(client, data) {
-                    warn!("error inserting client: {err}");
-                } else {
-                    trace!("inserted a new restricted client, context={context:?}");
-                }
            })
            .unwrap();
    }
@@ -459,19 +538,19 @@ impl ForeignToplevelHandler for State {
    fn set_fullscreen(&mut self, wl_surface: WlSurface, wl_output: Option<WlOutput>) {
        if let Some((mapped, current_output)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&wl_surface)
        {
-            if !mapped
-                .toplevel()
-                .current_state()
-                .capabilities
-                .contains(xdg_toplevel::WmCapabilities::Fullscreen)
-            {
+            let has_fullscreen_cap = with_toplevel_role(mapped.toplevel(), |role| {
+                role.current
+                    .capabilities
+                    .contains(xdg_toplevel::WmCapabilities::Fullscreen)
+            });
+            if !has_fullscreen_cap {
                return;
            }

            let window = mapped.window.clone();

            if let Some(requested_output) = wl_output.as_ref().and_then(Output::from_resource) {
-                if &requested_output != current_output {
+                if Some(&requested_output) != current_output {
                    self.niri
                        .layout
                        .move_to_output(Some(&window), &requested_output, None);
@@ -519,6 +598,31 @@ impl ScreencopyHandler for State {
 }
 delegate_screencopy!(State);

+impl VirtualPointerHandler for State {
+    fn virtual_pointer_manager_state(&mut self) -> &mut VirtualPointerManagerState {
+        &mut self.niri.virtual_pointer_state
+    }
+
+    fn on_virtual_pointer_motion(&mut self, event: VirtualPointerMotionEvent) {
+        self.process_input_event(InputEvent::<VirtualPointerInputBackend>::PointerMotion { event });
+    }
+
+    fn on_virtual_pointer_motion_absolute(&mut self, event: VirtualPointerMotionAbsoluteEvent) {
+        self.process_input_event(
+            InputEvent::<VirtualPointerInputBackend>::PointerMotionAbsolute { event },
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn on_virtual_pointer_button(&mut self, event: VirtualPointerButtonEvent) {
+        self.process_input_event(InputEvent::<VirtualPointerInputBackend>::PointerButton { event });
+    }
+
+    fn on_virtual_pointer_axis(&mut self, event: VirtualPointerAxisEvent) {
+        self.process_input_event(InputEvent::<VirtualPointerInputBackend>::PointerAxis { event });
+    }
+}
+delegate_virtual_pointer!(State);
+
 impl DrmLeaseHandler for State {
    fn drm_lease_state(&mut self, node: DrmNode) -> &mut DrmLeaseState {
        self.backend
@@ -622,18 +726,22 @@ impl XdgActivationHandler for State {

    fn request_activation(
        &mut self,
-        _token: XdgActivationToken,
+        token: XdgActivationToken,
        token_data: XdgActivationTokenData,
        surface: WlSurface,
    ) {
-        if token_data.timestamp.elapsed().as_secs() < 10 {
+        if token_data.timestamp.elapsed() < XDG_ACTIVATION_TOKEN_TIMEOUT {
            if let Some((mapped, _)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&surface) {
                let window = mapped.window.clone();
                self.niri.layout.activate_window(&window);
                self.niri.layer_shell_on_demand_focus = None;
                self.niri.queue_redraw_all();
+            } else if let Some(unmapped) = self.niri.unmapped_windows.get_mut(&surface) {
+                unmapped.activation_token_data = Some(token_data);
            }
        }
+
+        self.niri.activation_state.remove_token(&token);
    }
 }
 delegate_xdg_activation!(State);
@@ -655,3 +763,5 @@ delegate_output_management!(State);

 impl MutterX11InteropHandler for State {}
 delegate_mutter_x11_interop!(State);
+
+delegate_single_pixel_buffer!(State);
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::cell::Cell;

 use calloop::Interest;
+use niri_config::PresetSize;
 use smithay::desktop::{
    find_popup_root_surface, get_popup_toplevel_coords, layer_map_for_output, utils, LayerSurface,
    PopupKeyboardGrab, PopupKind, PopupManager, PopupPointerGrab, PopupUngrabStrategy, Window,
@@ -42,7 +43,6 @@ use crate::input::resize_grab::ResizeGrab;
 use crate::input::touch_move_grab::TouchMoveGrab;
 use crate::input::touch_resize_grab::TouchResizeGrab;
 use crate::input::{PointerOrTouchStartData, DOUBLE_CLICK_TIME};
-use crate::layout::workspace::ColumnWidth;
 use crate::niri::{PopupGrabState, State};
 use crate::utils::transaction::Transaction;
 use crate::utils::{get_monotonic_time, output_matches_name, send_scale_transform, ResizeEdge};
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                    if focus.id().same_client_as(&wl_surface.id()) {
                        // Deny move requests from DnD grabs to work around
                        // https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/issues/7113
-                        let is_dnd_grab = grab.as_any().downcast_ref::<DnDGrab<Self>>().is_some();
+                        let is_dnd_grab = grab.as_any().is::<DnDGrab<Self>>();

                        if !is_dnd_grab {
                            grab_start_data =
@@ -103,8 +103,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                        if focus.id().same_client_as(&wl_surface.id()) {
                            // Deny move requests from DnD grabs to work around
                            // https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/issues/7113
-                            let is_dnd_grab =
-                                grab.as_any().downcast_ref::<DnDGrab<Self>>().is_some();
+                            let is_dnd_grab = grab.as_any().is::<DnDGrab<Self>>();

                            if !is_dnd_grab {
                                grab_start_data =
@@ -124,6 +123,10 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
            return;
        };

+        let Some(output) = output else {
+            return;
+        };
+
        let window = mapped.window.clone();
        let output = output.clone();

@@ -149,7 +152,6 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
            PointerOrTouchStartData::Pointer(start_data) => {
                let grab = MoveGrab::new(start_data, window);
                pointer.set_grab(self, grab, serial, Focus::Clear);
-                self.niri.pointer_grab_ongoing = true;
            }
            PointerOrTouchStartData::Touch(start_data) => {
                let touch = self.niri.seat.get_touch().unwrap();
@@ -211,8 +213,16 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
        // See if we got a double resize-click gesture.
        let time = get_monotonic_time();
        let last_cell = mapped.last_interactive_resize_start();
-        let last = last_cell.get();
+        let mut last = last_cell.get();
        last_cell.set(Some((time, edges)));
+
+        // Floating windows don't have either of the double-resize-click gestures, so just allow it
+        // to resize.
+        if mapped.is_floating() {
+            last = None;
+            last_cell.set(None);
+        }
+
        if let Some((last_time, last_edges)) = last {
            if time.saturating_sub(last_time) <= DOUBLE_CLICK_TIME {
                // Allow quick resize after a triple click.
@@ -247,7 +257,6 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
            PointerOrTouchStartData::Pointer(start_data) => {
                let grab = ResizeGrab::new(start_data, window);
                pointer.set_grab(self, grab, serial, Focus::Clear);
-                self.niri.pointer_grab_ongoing = true;
            }
            PointerOrTouchStartData::Touch(start_data) => {
                let touch = self.niri.seat.get_touch().unwrap();
@@ -284,6 +293,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {

        let popup = PopupKind::Xdg(surface);
        let Ok(root) = find_popup_root_surface(&popup) else {
+            trace!("ignoring popup grab because no root surface");
            return;
        };

@@ -292,30 +302,30 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
        // keyboard focus being at the wrong place.
        if self.niri.is_locked() {
            if Some(&root) != self.niri.lock_surface_focus().as_ref() {
+                trace!("ignoring popup grab because the session is locked");
                let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
                return;
            }
        } else if self.niri.screenshot_ui.is_open() {
+            trace!("ignoring popup grab because the screenshot UI is open");
            let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
            return;
        } else if let Some(output) = self.niri.layout.active_output() {
            let layers = layer_map_for_output(output);

-            if let Some(layer_surface) =
-                layers.layer_for_surface(&root, WindowSurfaceType::TOPLEVEL)
+            if layers
+                .layer_for_surface(&root, WindowSurfaceType::TOPLEVEL)
+                .is_none()
            {
-                if !matches!(layer_surface.layer(), Layer::Overlay | Layer::Top) {
-                    let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
-                    return;
-                }
+                // This is a grab for a regular window; check that there's no layer surface with a
+                // higher input priority.

-                // FIXME: popup grabs for on-demand bottom and background layers.
-            } else {
                if layers.layers_on(Layer::Overlay).any(|l| {
                    l.cached_state().keyboard_interactivity
                        == wlr_layer::KeyboardInteractivity::Exclusive
                        || Some(l) == self.niri.layer_shell_on_demand_focus.as_ref()
                }) {
+                    trace!("ignoring toplevel popup grab because the overlay layer has focus");
                    let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
                    return;
                }
@@ -328,33 +338,51 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                            || Some(l) == self.niri.layer_shell_on_demand_focus.as_ref()
                    })
                {
+                    trace!("ignoring toplevel popup grab because the top layer has focus");
                    let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
                    return;
                }

                let layout_focus = self.niri.layout.focus();
                if Some(&root) != layout_focus.map(|win| win.toplevel().wl_surface()) {
+                    trace!("ignoring toplevel popup grab because another window has focus");
                    let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
                    return;
                }
            }
        } else {
+            trace!("ignoring popup grab because no output is active");
            let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
            return;
        }

        let seat = &self.niri.seat;
-        let Ok(mut grab) = self
+        let mut grab = match self
            .niri
            .popups
            .grab_popup(root.clone(), popup, seat, serial)
-        else {
-            return;
+        {
+            Ok(grab) => grab,
+            Err(err) => {
+                trace!("ignoring popup grab: {err:?}");
+                return;
+            }
        };

        let keyboard = seat.get_keyboard().unwrap();
        let pointer = seat.get_pointer().unwrap();

+        let can_receive_keyboard_focus = self
+            .niri
+            .layout
+            .active_output()
+            .and_then(|output| {
+                layer_map_for_output(output)
+                    .layer_for_surface(&root, WindowSurfaceType::TOPLEVEL)
+                    .map(|layer_surface| layer_surface.can_receive_keyboard_focus())
+            })
+            .unwrap_or(true);
+
        let keyboard_grab_mismatches = keyboard.is_grabbed()
            && !(keyboard.has_grab(serial)
                || grab
@@ -363,16 +391,22 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
        let pointer_grab_mismatches = pointer.is_grabbed()
            && !(pointer.has_grab(serial)
                || grab.previous_serial().map_or(true, |s| pointer.has_grab(s)));
-        if keyboard_grab_mismatches || pointer_grab_mismatches {
+        if (can_receive_keyboard_focus && keyboard_grab_mismatches) || pointer_grab_mismatches {
+            trace!("ignoring popup grab because of current grab mismatch");
            grab.ungrab(PopupUngrabStrategy::All);
            return;
        }

        trace!("new grab for root {:?}", root);
-        keyboard.set_focus(self, grab.current_grab(), serial);
-        keyboard.set_grab(self, PopupKeyboardGrab::new(&grab), serial);
+        if can_receive_keyboard_focus {
+            keyboard.set_grab(self, PopupKeyboardGrab::new(&grab), serial);
+        }
        pointer.set_grab(self, PopupPointerGrab::new(&grab), serial, Focus::Keep);
-        self.niri.popup_grab = Some(PopupGrabState { root, grab });
+        self.niri.popup_grab = Some(PopupGrabState {
+            root,
+            grab,
+            has_keyboard_grab: can_receive_keyboard_focus,
+        });
    }

    fn maximize_request(&mut self, surface: ToplevelSurface) {
@@ -399,12 +433,16 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
        if let Some((mapped, current_output)) = self
            .niri
            .layout
-            .find_window_and_output(toplevel.wl_surface())
+            .find_window_and_output_mut(toplevel.wl_surface())
        {
+            // A configure is required in response to this event regardless if there are pending
+            // changes.
+            mapped.set_needs_configure();
+
            let window = mapped.window.clone();

            if let Some(requested_output) = requested_output {
-                if &requested_output != current_output {
+                if Some(&requested_output) != current_output {
                    self.niri
                        .layout
                        .move_to_output(Some(&window), &requested_output, None);
@@ -412,10 +450,6 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
            }

            self.niri.layout.set_fullscreen(&window, true);
-
-            // A configure is required in response to this event regardless if there are pending
-            // changes.
-            toplevel.send_configure();
        } else if let Some(unmapped) = self.niri.unmapped_windows.get_mut(toplevel.wl_surface()) {
            match &mut unmapped.state {
                InitialConfigureState::NotConfigured { wants_fullscreen } => {
@@ -437,7 +471,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                            toplevel
                                .parent()
                                .and_then(|parent| self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&parent))
-                                .map(|(_win, output)| output)
+                                .and_then(|(_win, output)| output)
                                .and_then(|o| self.niri.layout.monitor_for_output(o))
                                .map(|mon| (mon, true))
                        })
@@ -462,7 +496,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                        toplevel.with_pending_state(|state| {
                            state.states.set(xdg_toplevel::State::Fullscreen);
                        });
-                        ws.configure_new_window(&unmapped.window, None, rules);
+                        ws.configure_new_window(&unmapped.window, None, None, false, rules);
                    }

                    // We already sent the initial configure, so we need to reconfigure.
@@ -479,14 +513,14 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
        if let Some((mapped, _)) = self
            .niri
            .layout
-            .find_window_and_output(toplevel.wl_surface())
+            .find_window_and_output_mut(toplevel.wl_surface())
        {
-            let window = mapped.window.clone();
-            self.niri.layout.set_fullscreen(&window, false);
-
            // A configure is required in response to this event regardless if there are pending
            // changes.
-            toplevel.send_configure();
+            mapped.set_needs_configure();
+
+            let window = mapped.window.clone();
+            self.niri.layout.set_fullscreen(&window, false);
        } else if let Some(unmapped) = self.niri.unmapped_windows.get_mut(toplevel.wl_surface()) {
            match &mut unmapped.state {
                InitialConfigureState::NotConfigured { wants_fullscreen } => {
@@ -497,6 +531,9 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                InitialConfigureState::Configured {
                    rules,
                    width,
+                    height,
+                    floating_width,
+                    floating_height,
                    is_full_width,
                    output,
                    workspace_name,
@@ -520,7 +557,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                                    .and_then(|parent| {
                                        self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&parent)
                                    })
-                                    .map(|(_win, output)| output)
+                                    .and_then(|(_win, output)| output)
                                    .and_then(|o| self.niri.layout.monitor_for_output(o))
                                    .map(|mon| (mon, true))
                            })
@@ -551,12 +588,26 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                            state.states.unset(xdg_toplevel::State::Fullscreen);
                        });

-                        let configure_width = if *is_full_width {
-                            Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(1.))
+                        let is_floating = rules.compute_open_floating(&toplevel);
+                        let configure_width = if is_floating {
+                            *floating_width
+                        } else if *is_full_width {
+                            Some(PresetSize::Proportion(1.))
                        } else {
                            *width
                        };
-                        ws.configure_new_window(&unmapped.window, configure_width, rules);
+                        let configure_height = if is_floating {
+                            *floating_height
+                        } else {
+                            *height
+                        };
+                        ws.configure_new_window(
+                            &unmapped.window,
+                            configure_width,
+                            configure_height,
+                            is_floating,
+                            rules,
+                        );
                    }

                    // We already sent the initial configure, so we need to reconfigure.
@@ -592,7 +643,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
            return;
        };
        let window = mapped.window.clone();
-        let output = output.clone();
+        let output = output.cloned();

        #[cfg(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast")]
        self.niri
@@ -612,7 +663,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                .start_close_animation_for_window(renderer, &window, blocker);
        });

-        let active_window = self.niri.layout.active_window().map(|(m, _)| &m.window);
+        let active_window = self.niri.layout.focus().map(|m| &m.window);
        let was_active = active_window == Some(&window);

        self.niri.layout.remove_window(&window, transaction.clone());
@@ -628,7 +679,9 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
            self.maybe_warp_cursor_to_focus();
        }

-        self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+        if let Some(output) = output {
+            self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+        }
    }

    fn popup_destroyed(&mut self, surface: PopupSurface) {
@@ -644,6 +697,22 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
    fn title_changed(&mut self, toplevel: ToplevelSurface) {
        self.update_window_rules(&toplevel);
    }
+
+    fn parent_changed(&mut self, toplevel: ToplevelSurface) {
+        let Some(parent) = toplevel.parent() else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        if let Some((mapped, output)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output_mut(&parent) {
+            let output = output.cloned();
+            let window = mapped.window.clone();
+            if self.niri.layout.descendants_added(&window) {
+                if let Some(output) = output {
+                    self.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }

 delegate_xdg_shell!(State);
@@ -672,7 +741,13 @@ impl XdgDecorationHandler for State {
        // A configure is required in response to this event. However, if an initial configure
        // wasn't sent, then we will send this as part of the initial configure later.
        if toplevel.is_initial_configure_sent() {
-            toplevel.send_configure();
+            // If this is a mapped window, flag it as needs configure to avoid duplicate configures.
+            let surface = toplevel.wl_surface();
+            if let Some((mapped, _)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output_mut(surface) {
+                mapped.set_needs_configure();
+            } else {
+                toplevel.send_configure();
+            }
        }
    }

@@ -685,7 +760,13 @@ impl XdgDecorationHandler for State {
        // A configure is required in response to this event. However, if an initial configure
        // wasn't sent, then we will send this as part of the initial configure later.
        if toplevel.is_initial_configure_sent() {
-            toplevel.send_configure();
+            // If this is a mapped window, flag it as needs configure to avoid duplicate configures.
+            let surface = toplevel.wl_surface();
+            if let Some((mapped, _)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output_mut(surface) {
+                mapped.set_needs_configure();
+            } else {
+                toplevel.send_configure();
+            }
        }
    }
 }
@@ -755,7 +836,7 @@ impl State {
            self.niri.is_at_startup,
        );

-        let Unmapped { window, state } = unmapped;
+        let Unmapped { window, state, .. } = unmapped;

        let InitialConfigureState::NotConfigured { wants_fullscreen } = state else {
            error!("window must not be already configured in send_initial_configure()");
@@ -796,7 +877,7 @@ impl State {
            toplevel
                .parent()
                .and_then(|parent| self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&parent))
-                .map(|(_win, output)| output)
+                .and_then(|(_win, output)| output)
                .and_then(|o| self.niri.layout.monitor_for_output(o))
                .map(|mon| (mon, true))
        });
@@ -817,7 +898,11 @@ impl State {
        let mon = mon.map(|(mon, _)| mon);

        let mut width = None;
+        let mut floating_width = None;
+        let mut height = None;
+        let mut floating_height = None;
        let is_full_width = rules.open_maximized.unwrap_or(false);
+        let is_floating = rules.compute_open_floating(toplevel);

        // Tell the surface the preferred size and bounds for its likely output.
        let ws = rules
@@ -839,14 +924,26 @@ impl State {
                });
            }

-            width = ws.resolve_default_width(rules.default_width);
+            width = ws.resolve_default_width(rules.default_width, false);
+            floating_width = ws.resolve_default_width(rules.default_width, true);
+            height = ws.resolve_default_height(rules.default_height, false);
+            floating_height = ws.resolve_default_height(rules.default_height, true);

-            let configure_width = if is_full_width {
-                Some(ColumnWidth::Proportion(1.))
+            let configure_width = if is_floating {
+                floating_width
+            } else if is_full_width {
+                Some(PresetSize::Proportion(1.))
            } else {
                width
            };
-            ws.configure_new_window(window, configure_width, &rules);
+            let configure_height = if is_floating { floating_height } else { height };
+            ws.configure_new_window(
+                window,
+                configure_width,
+                configure_height,
+                is_floating,
+                &rules,
+            );
        }

        // If the user prefers no CSD, it's a reasonable assumption that they would prefer to get
@@ -864,6 +961,9 @@ impl State {
        *state = InitialConfigureState::Configured {
            rules,
            width,
+            height,
+            floating_width,
+            floating_height,
            is_full_width,
            output,
            workspace_name: ws.and_then(|w| w.name().cloned()),
@@ -931,8 +1031,8 @@ impl State {
        };

        // Figure out if the root is a window or a layer surface.
-        if let Some((mapped, output)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root) {
-            self.unconstrain_window_popup(popup, &mapped.window, output);
+        if let Some((mapped, _)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root) {
+            self.unconstrain_window_popup(popup, &mapped.window);
        } else if let Some((layer_surface, output)) = self.niri.layout.outputs().find_map(|o| {
            let map = layer_map_for_output(o);
            let layer_surface = map.layer_for_surface(&root, WindowSurfaceType::TOPLEVEL)?;
@@ -942,19 +1042,10 @@ impl State {
        }
    }

-    fn unconstrain_window_popup(&self, popup: &PopupKind, window: &Window, output: &Output) {
-        let window_geo = window.geometry();
-        let output_geo = self.niri.global_space.output_geometry(output).unwrap();
-
+    fn unconstrain_window_popup(&self, popup: &PopupKind, window: &Window) {
        // The target geometry for the positioner should be relative to its parent's geometry, so
        // we will compute that here.
-        //
-        // We try to keep regular window popups within the window itself horizontally (since the
-        // window can be scrolled to both edges of the screen), but within the whole monitor's
-        // height.
-        let mut target =
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), (window_geo.size.w, output_geo.size.h)).to_f64();
-        target.loc -= self.niri.layout.window_loc(window).unwrap();
+        let mut target = self.niri.layout.popup_target_rect(window);
        target.loc -= get_popup_toplevel_coords(popup).to_f64();

        self.position_popup_within_rect(popup, target);
@@ -974,7 +1065,7 @@ impl State {

        // The target geometry for the positioner should be relative to its parent's geometry, so
        // we will compute that here.
-        let mut target = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), output_geo.size);
+        let mut target = Rectangle::from_size(output_geo.size);
        target.loc -= layer_geo.loc;
        target.loc -= get_popup_toplevel_coords(popup);

@@ -1019,7 +1110,7 @@ impl State {
        }
    }

-    pub fn update_reactive_popups(&self, window: &Window, output: &Output) {
+    pub fn update_reactive_popups(&self, window: &Window) {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Niri::update_reactive_popups");

        for (popup, _) in PopupManager::popups_for_surface(
@@ -1028,7 +1119,7 @@ impl State {
            match &popup {
                xdg_popup @ PopupKind::Xdg(popup) => {
                    if popup.with_pending_state(|state| state.positioner.reactive) {
-                        self.unconstrain_window_popup(xdg_popup, window, output);
+                        self.unconstrain_window_popup(xdg_popup, window);
                        if let Err(err) = popup.send_pending_configure() {
                            warn!("error re-configuring reactive popup: {err:?}");
                        }
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+use ::input as libinput;
+use smithay::backend::input;
+use smithay::backend::winit::WinitVirtualDevice;
+use smithay::output::Output;
+
+use crate::niri::State;
+use crate::protocols::virtual_pointer::VirtualPointer;
+
+pub trait NiriInputBackend: input::InputBackend<Device = Self::NiriDevice> {
+    type NiriDevice: NiriInputDevice;
+}
+impl<T: input::InputBackend> NiriInputBackend for T
+where
+    Self::Device: NiriInputDevice,
+{
+    type NiriDevice = Self::Device;
+}
+
+pub trait NiriInputDevice: input::Device {
+    // FIXME: this should maybe be per-event, not per-device,
+    // but it's not clear that this matters in practice?
+    // it might be more obvious once we implement it for libinput
+    fn output(&self, state: &State) -> Option<Output>;
+}
+
+impl NiriInputDevice for libinput::Device {
+    fn output(&self, _state: &State) -> Option<Output> {
+        // FIXME: Allow specifying the output per-device?
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl NiriInputDevice for WinitVirtualDevice {
+    fn output(&self, _state: &State) -> Option<Output> {
+        // FIXME: we should be returning the single output that the winit backend creates,
+        // but for now, that will cause issues because the output is normally upside down,
+        // so we apply Transform::Flipped180 to it and that would also cause
+        // the cursor position to be flipped, which is not what we want.
+        //
+        // instead, we just return None and rely on the fact that it has only one output.
+        // doing so causes the cursor to be placed in *global* output coordinates,
+        // which are not flipped, and happen to be what we want.
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl NiriInputDevice for VirtualPointer {
+    fn output(&self, _: &State) -> Option<Output> {
+        self.output().cloned()
+    }
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::time::Duration;
-
 use smithay::backend::input::ButtonState;
 use smithay::desktop::Window;
 use smithay::input::pointer::{
@@ -17,7 +15,6 @@ pub struct MoveGrab {
    start_data: PointerGrabStartData<State>,
    last_location: Point<f64, Logical>,
    window: Window,
-    is_moving: bool,
 }

 impl MoveGrab {
@@ -26,7 +23,6 @@ impl MoveGrab {
            last_location: start_data.location,
            start_data,
            window,
-            is_moving: false,
        }
    }

@@ -34,7 +30,6 @@ impl MoveGrab {
        state.niri.layout.interactive_move_end(&self.window);
        // FIXME: only redraw the window output.
        state.niri.queue_redraw_all();
-        state.niri.pointer_grab_ongoing = false;
        state
            .niri
            .cursor_manager
@@ -65,14 +60,6 @@ impl PointerGrab<State> for MoveGrab {
                    pos_within_output,
                );
                if ongoing {
-                    let timestamp = Duration::from_millis(u64::from(event.time));
-                    if self.is_moving {
-                        data.niri.layout.view_offset_gesture_update(
-                            -event_delta.x,
-                            timestamp,
-                            false,
-                        );
-                    }
                    // FIXME: only redraw the previous and the new output.
                    data.niri.queue_redraw_all();
                    return;
@@ -105,27 +92,18 @@ impl PointerGrab<State> for MoveGrab {
    ) {
        handle.button(data, event);

-        // MouseButton::Middle
-        if event.button == 0x112 {
-            if event.state == ButtonState::Pressed {
-                let output = data
-                    .niri
-                    .output_under(handle.current_location())
-                    .map(|(output, _)| output)
-                    .cloned();
-                // TODO: workspace switch gesture.
-                if let Some(output) = output {
-                    self.is_moving = true;
-                    data.niri.layout.view_offset_gesture_begin(&output, false);
-                }
-            } else if event.state == ButtonState::Released {
-                self.is_moving = false;
-                data.niri.layout.view_offset_gesture_end(false, None);
-            }
+        // When moving with the left button, right toggles floating, and vice versa.
+        let toggle_floating_button = if self.start_data.button == 0x110 {
+            0x111
+        } else {
+            0x110
+        };
+        if event.button == toggle_floating_button && event.state == ButtonState::Pressed {
+            data.niri.layout.toggle_window_floating(Some(&self.window));
        }

-        if handle.current_pressed().is_empty() {
-            // No more buttons are pressed, release the grab.
+        if !handle.current_pressed().contains(&self.start_data.button) {
+            // The button that initiated the grab was released.
            handle.unset_grab(self, data, event.serial, event.time, true);
        }
    }
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ impl ResizeGrab {

    fn on_ungrab(&mut self, state: &mut State) {
        state.niri.layout.interactive_resize_end(&self.window);
-        state.niri.pointer_grab_ongoing = false;
        state
            .niri
            .cursor_manager
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ impl SpatialMovementGrab {
            state.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
        }

-        state.niri.pointer_grab_ongoing = false;
        state
            .niri
            .cursor_manager
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+use std::iter::Peekable;
+use std::slice;
+
 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context};
 use niri_config::OutputName;
 use niri_ipc::socket::Socket;
@@ -23,6 +26,7 @@ pub fn handle_msg(msg: Msg, json: bool) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        },
        Msg::Workspaces => Request::Workspaces,
        Msg::Windows => Request::Windows,
+        Msg::Layers => Request::Layers,
        Msg::KeyboardLayouts => Request::KeyboardLayouts,
        Msg::EventStream => Request::EventStream,
        Msg::RequestError => Request::ReturnError,
@@ -168,6 +172,69 @@ pub fn handle_msg(msg: Msg, json: bool) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
                println!();
            }
        }
+        Msg::Layers => {
+            let Response::Layers(mut layers) = response else {
+                bail!("unexpected response: expected Layers, got {response:?}");
+            };
+
+            if json {
+                let layers = serde_json::to_string(&layers).context("error formatting response")?;
+                println!("{layers}");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+
+            layers.sort_by(|a, b| {
+                Ord::cmp(&a.output, &b.output)
+                    .then_with(|| Ord::cmp(&a.layer, &b.layer))
+                    .then_with(|| Ord::cmp(&a.namespace, &b.namespace))
+            });
+            let mut iter = layers.iter().peekable();
+
+            let print = |surface: &niri_ipc::LayerSurface| {
+                println!("    Surface:");
+                println!("      Namespace: \"{}\"", &surface.namespace);
+
+                let interactivity = match surface.keyboard_interactivity {
+                    niri_ipc::LayerSurfaceKeyboardInteractivity::None => "none",
+                    niri_ipc::LayerSurfaceKeyboardInteractivity::Exclusive => "exclusive",
+                    niri_ipc::LayerSurfaceKeyboardInteractivity::OnDemand => "on-demand",
+                };
+                println!("      Keyboard interactivity: {interactivity}");
+            };
+
+            let print_layer = |iter: &mut Peekable<slice::Iter<niri_ipc::LayerSurface>>,
+                               output: &str,
+                               layer| {
+                let mut empty = true;
+                while let Some(surface) = iter.next_if(|s| s.output == output && s.layer == layer) {
+                    empty = false;
+                    println!();
+                    print(surface);
+                }
+                if empty {
+                    println!(" (empty)\n");
+                } else {
+                    println!();
+                }
+            };
+
+            while let Some(surface) = iter.peek() {
+                let output = &surface.output;
+                println!("Output \"{output}\":");
+
+                print!("  Background layer:");
+                print_layer(&mut iter, output, niri_ipc::Layer::Background);
+
+                print!("  Bottom layer:");
+                print_layer(&mut iter, output, niri_ipc::Layer::Bottom);
+
+                print!("  Top layer:");
+                print_layer(&mut iter, output, niri_ipc::Layer::Top);
+
+                print!("  Overlay layer:");
+                print_layer(&mut iter, output, niri_ipc::Layer::Overlay);
+            }
+        }
        Msg::FocusedOutput => {
            let Response::FocusedOutput(output) = response else {
                bail!("unexpected response: expected FocusedOutput, got {response:?}");
@@ -449,6 +516,17 @@ fn print_window(window: &Window) {
        println!("  App ID: (unset)");
    }

+    println!(
+        "  Is floating: {}",
+        if window.is_floating { "yes" } else { "no" }
+    );
+
+    if let Some(pid) = window.pid {
+        println!("  PID: {pid}");
+    } else {
+        println!("  PID: (unknown)");
+    }
+
    if let Some(workspace_id) = window.workspace_id {
        println!("  Workspace ID: {workspace_id}");
    } else {
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::os::unix::net::{UnixListener, UnixStream};
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::rc::Rc;
@@ -16,16 +17,16 @@ use futures_util::{select_biased, AsyncBufReadExt, AsyncWrite, AsyncWriteExt, Fu
 use niri_config::OutputName;
 use niri_ipc::state::{EventStreamState, EventStreamStatePart as _};
 use niri_ipc::{Event, KeyboardLayouts, OutputConfigChanged, Reply, Request, Response, Workspace};
+use smithay::desktop::layer_map_for_output;
 use smithay::reexports::calloop::generic::Generic;
 use smithay::reexports::calloop::{Interest, LoopHandle, Mode, PostAction};
 use smithay::reexports::rustix::fs::unlink;
-use smithay::wayland::compositor::with_states;
-use smithay::wayland::shell::xdg::XdgToplevelSurfaceData;
+use smithay::wayland::shell::wlr_layer::{KeyboardInteractivity, Layer};

 use crate::backend::IpcOutputMap;
 use crate::layout::workspace::WorkspaceId;
 use crate::niri::State;
-use crate::utils::version;
+use crate::utils::{version, with_toplevel_role};
 use crate::window::Mapped;

 // If an event stream client fails to read events fast enough that we accumulate more than this
@@ -33,7 +34,10 @@ use crate::window::Mapped;
 const EVENT_STREAM_BUFFER_SIZE: usize = 64;

 pub struct IpcServer {
-    pub socket_path: PathBuf,
+    /// Path to the IPC socket.
+    ///
+    /// This is `None` when creating `IpcServer` without a socket.
+    pub socket_path: Option<PathBuf>,
    event_streams: Rc<RefCell<Vec<EventStreamSender>>>,
    event_stream_state: Rc<RefCell<EventStreamState>>,
 }
@@ -60,31 +64,38 @@ struct EventStreamSender {
 impl IpcServer {
    pub fn start(
        event_loop: &LoopHandle<'static, State>,
-        wayland_socket_name: &str,
+        wayland_socket_name: Option<&OsStr>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Ipc::start");

-        let socket_name = format!("niri.{wayland_socket_name}.{}.sock", process::id());
-        let mut socket_path = socket_dir();
-        socket_path.push(socket_name);
+        let socket_path = if let Some(wayland_socket_name) = wayland_socket_name {
+            let wayland_socket_name = wayland_socket_name.to_string_lossy();
+            let socket_name = format!("niri.{wayland_socket_name}.{}.sock", process::id());
+            let mut socket_path = socket_dir();
+            socket_path.push(socket_name);

-        let listener = UnixListener::bind(&socket_path).context("error binding socket")?;
-        listener
-            .set_nonblocking(true)
-            .context("error setting socket to non-blocking")?;
+            let listener = UnixListener::bind(&socket_path).context("error binding socket")?;
+            listener
+                .set_nonblocking(true)
+                .context("error setting socket to non-blocking")?;

-        let source = Generic::new(listener, Interest::READ, Mode::Level);
-        event_loop
-            .insert_source(source, |_, socket, state| {
-                match socket.accept() {
-                    Ok((stream, _)) => on_new_ipc_client(state, stream),
-                    Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => (),
-                    Err(e) => return Err(e),
-                }
+            let source = Generic::new(listener, Interest::READ, Mode::Level);
+            event_loop
+                .insert_source(source, |_, socket, state| {
+                    match socket.accept() {
+                        Ok((stream, _)) => on_new_ipc_client(state, stream),
+                        Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => (),
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e),
+                    }

-                Ok(PostAction::Continue)
-            })
-            .unwrap();
+                    Ok(PostAction::Continue)
+                })
+                .unwrap();
+
+            Some(socket_path)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };

        Ok(Self {
            socket_path,
@@ -119,7 +130,9 @@ impl IpcServer {

 impl Drop for IpcServer {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        let _ = unlink(&self.socket_path);
+        if let Some(socket_path) = &self.socket_path {
+            let _ = unlink(socket_path);
+        }
    }
 }

@@ -256,6 +269,47 @@ async fn process(ctx: &ClientCtx, request: Request) -> Reply {
            let windows = state.windows.windows.values().cloned().collect();
            Response::Windows(windows)
        }
+        Request::Layers => {
+            let (tx, rx) = async_channel::bounded(1);
+            ctx.event_loop.insert_idle(move |state| {
+                let mut layers = Vec::new();
+                for output in state.niri.global_space.outputs() {
+                    let name = output.name();
+                    for surface in layer_map_for_output(output).layers() {
+                        let layer = match surface.layer() {
+                            Layer::Background => niri_ipc::Layer::Background,
+                            Layer::Bottom => niri_ipc::Layer::Bottom,
+                            Layer::Top => niri_ipc::Layer::Top,
+                            Layer::Overlay => niri_ipc::Layer::Overlay,
+                        };
+                        let keyboard_interactivity =
+                            match surface.cached_state().keyboard_interactivity {
+                                KeyboardInteractivity::None => {
+                                    niri_ipc::LayerSurfaceKeyboardInteractivity::None
+                                }
+                                KeyboardInteractivity::Exclusive => {
+                                    niri_ipc::LayerSurfaceKeyboardInteractivity::Exclusive
+                                }
+                                KeyboardInteractivity::OnDemand => {
+                                    niri_ipc::LayerSurfaceKeyboardInteractivity::OnDemand
+                                }
+                            };
+
+                        layers.push(niri_ipc::LayerSurface {
+                            namespace: surface.namespace().to_owned(),
+                            output: name.clone(),
+                            layer,
+                            keyboard_interactivity,
+                        });
+                    }
+                }
+
+                let _ = tx.send_blocking(layers);
+            });
+            let result = rx.recv().await;
+            let layers = result.map_err(|_| String::from("error getting layers info"))?;
+            Response::Layers(layers)
+        }
        Request::KeyboardLayouts => {
            let state = ctx.event_stream_state.borrow();
            let layout = state.keyboard_layouts.keyboard_layouts.clone();
@@ -273,6 +327,9 @@ async fn process(ctx: &ClientCtx, request: Request) -> Reply {

            let action = niri_config::Action::from(action);
            ctx.event_loop.insert_idle(move |state| {
+                // Make sure some logic like workspace clean-up has a chance to run before doing
+                // actions.
+                state.niri.advance_animations();
                state.do_action(action, false);
                let _ = tx.send_blocking(());
            });
@@ -361,22 +418,14 @@ async fn handle_event_stream_client(client: EventStreamClient) -> anyhow::Result
 }

 fn make_ipc_window(mapped: &Mapped, workspace_id: Option<WorkspaceId>) -> niri_ipc::Window {
-    let wl_surface = mapped.toplevel().wl_surface();
-    with_states(wl_surface, |states| {
-        let role = states
-            .data_map
-            .get::<XdgToplevelSurfaceData>()
-            .unwrap()
-            .lock()
-            .unwrap();
-
-        niri_ipc::Window {
-            id: mapped.id().get(),
-            title: role.title.clone(),
-            app_id: role.app_id.clone(),
-            workspace_id: workspace_id.map(|id| id.get()),
-            is_focused: mapped.is_focused(),
-        }
+    with_toplevel_role(mapped.toplevel(), |role| niri_ipc::Window {
+        id: mapped.id().get(),
+        title: role.title.clone(),
+        app_id: role.app_id.clone(),
+        pid: mapped.credentials().map(|c| c.pid),
+        workspace_id: workspace_id.map(|id| id.get()),
+        is_focused: mapped.is_focused(),
+        is_floating: mapped.is_floating(),
    })
 }

@@ -487,7 +536,7 @@ impl State {
            }

            // Check if this workspace became active.
-            let is_active = mon.map_or(false, |mon| mon.active_workspace_idx() == ws_idx);
+            let is_active = mon.is_some_and(|mon| mon.active_workspace_idx() == ws_idx);
            if is_active && !ipc_ws.is_active {
                events.push(Event::WorkspaceActivated { id, focused: false });
            }
@@ -510,7 +559,7 @@ impl State {
                        idx: u8::try_from(ws_idx + 1).unwrap_or(u8::MAX),
                        name: ws.name().cloned(),
                        output: mon.map(|mon| mon.output_name().clone()),
-                        is_active: mon.map_or(false, |mon| mon.active_workspace_idx() == ws_idx),
+                        is_active: mon.is_some_and(|mon| mon.active_workspace_idx() == ws_idx),
                        is_focused: Some(id) == focused_ws_id,
                        active_window_id: ws.active_window().map(|win| win.id().get()),
                    }
@@ -557,17 +606,10 @@ impl State {
            };

            let workspace_id = ws_id.map(|id| id.get());
-            let mut changed = ipc_win.workspace_id != workspace_id;
-
-            let wl_surface = mapped.toplevel().wl_surface();
-            changed |= with_states(wl_surface, |states| {
-                let role = states
-                    .data_map
-                    .get::<XdgToplevelSurfaceData>()
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .lock()
-                    .unwrap();
+            let mut changed =
+                ipc_win.workspace_id != workspace_id || ipc_win.is_floating != mapped.is_floating();

+            changed |= with_toplevel_role(mapped.toplevel(), |role| {
                ipc_win.title != role.title || ipc_win.app_id != role.app_id
            });

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+use niri_config::layer_rule::LayerRule;
+use niri_config::Config;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::surface::{
+    render_elements_from_surface_tree, WaylandSurfaceRenderElement,
+};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Kind;
+use smithay::desktop::{LayerSurface, PopupManager};
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Scale, Size};
+
+use super::ResolvedLayerRules;
+use crate::layout::shadow::Shadow;
+use crate::niri_render_elements;
+use crate::render_helpers::renderer::NiriRenderer;
+use crate::render_helpers::shadow::ShadowRenderElement;
+use crate::render_helpers::solid_color::{SolidColorBuffer, SolidColorRenderElement};
+use crate::render_helpers::{RenderTarget, SplitElements};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct MappedLayer {
+    /// The surface itself.
+    surface: LayerSurface,
+
+    /// Up-to-date rules.
+    rules: ResolvedLayerRules,
+
+    /// Buffer to draw instead of the surface when it should be blocked out.
+    block_out_buffer: SolidColorBuffer,
+
+    /// The shadow around the surface.
+    shadow: Shadow,
+}
+
+niri_render_elements! {
+    LayerSurfaceRenderElement<R> => {
+        Wayland = WaylandSurfaceRenderElement<R>,
+        SolidColor = SolidColorRenderElement,
+        Shadow = ShadowRenderElement,
+    }
+}
+
+impl MappedLayer {
+    pub fn new(surface: LayerSurface, rules: ResolvedLayerRules, config: &Config) -> Self {
+        let mut shadow_config = config.layout.shadow;
+        // Shadows for layer surfaces need to be explicitly enabled.
+        shadow_config.on = false;
+        let shadow_config = rules.shadow.resolve_against(shadow_config);
+
+        Self {
+            surface,
+            rules,
+            block_out_buffer: SolidColorBuffer::new((0., 0.), [0., 0., 0., 1.]),
+            shadow: Shadow::new(shadow_config),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, config: &Config) {
+        let mut shadow_config = config.layout.shadow;
+        // Shadows for layer surfaces need to be explicitly enabled.
+        shadow_config.on = false;
+        let shadow_config = self.rules.shadow.resolve_against(shadow_config);
+        self.shadow.update_config(shadow_config);
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_shaders(&mut self) {
+        self.shadow.update_shaders();
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_render_elements(&mut self, size: Size<f64, Logical>, scale: Scale<f64>) {
+        // Round to physical pixels.
+        let size = size.to_physical_precise_round(scale).to_logical(scale);
+
+        self.block_out_buffer.resize(size);
+
+        let radius = self.rules.geometry_corner_radius.unwrap_or_default();
+        // FIXME: is_active based on keyboard focus?
+        self.shadow
+            .update_render_elements(size, true, radius, scale.x, 1.);
+    }
+
+    pub fn surface(&self) -> &LayerSurface {
+        &self.surface
+    }
+
+    pub fn rules(&self) -> &ResolvedLayerRules {
+        &self.rules
+    }
+
+    /// Recomputes the resolved layer rules and returns whether they changed.
+    pub fn recompute_layer_rules(&mut self, rules: &[LayerRule], is_at_startup: bool) -> bool {
+        let new_rules = ResolvedLayerRules::compute(rules, &self.surface, is_at_startup);
+        if new_rules == self.rules {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        self.rules = new_rules;
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub fn render<R: NiriRenderer>(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut R,
+        location: Point<f64, Logical>,
+        scale: Scale<f64>,
+        target: RenderTarget,
+    ) -> SplitElements<LayerSurfaceRenderElement<R>> {
+        let mut rv = SplitElements::default();
+
+        let alpha = self.rules.opacity.unwrap_or(1.).clamp(0., 1.);
+
+        if target.should_block_out(self.rules.block_out_from) {
+            // Round to physical pixels.
+            let location = location.to_physical_precise_round(scale).to_logical(scale);
+
+            // FIXME: take geometry-corner-radius into account.
+            let elem = SolidColorRenderElement::from_buffer(
+                &self.block_out_buffer,
+                location,
+                alpha,
+                Kind::Unspecified,
+            );
+            rv.normal.push(elem.into());
+        } else {
+            // Layer surfaces don't have extra geometry like windows.
+            let buf_pos = location;
+
+            let surface = self.surface.wl_surface();
+            for (popup, popup_offset) in PopupManager::popups_for_surface(surface) {
+                // Layer surfaces don't have extra geometry like windows.
+                let offset = popup_offset - popup.geometry().loc;
+
+                rv.popups.extend(render_elements_from_surface_tree(
+                    renderer,
+                    popup.wl_surface(),
+                    (buf_pos + offset.to_f64()).to_physical_precise_round(scale),
+                    scale,
+                    alpha,
+                    Kind::Unspecified,
+                ));
+            }
+
+            rv.normal = render_elements_from_surface_tree(
+                renderer,
+                surface,
+                buf_pos.to_physical_precise_round(scale),
+                scale,
+                alpha,
+                Kind::Unspecified,
+            );
+        }
+
+        let location = location.to_physical_precise_round(scale).to_logical(scale);
+        rv.normal
+            .extend(self.shadow.render(renderer, location).map(Into::into));
+
+        rv
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use niri_config::layer_rule::{LayerRule, Match};
+use niri_config::{BlockOutFrom, CornerRadius, ShadowRule};
+use smithay::desktop::LayerSurface;
+
+pub mod mapped;
+pub use mapped::MappedLayer;
+
+/// Rules fully resolved for a layer-shell surface.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ResolvedLayerRules {
+    /// Extra opacity to draw this layer surface with.
+    pub opacity: Option<f32>,
+
+    /// Whether to block out this layer surface from certain render targets.
+    pub block_out_from: Option<BlockOutFrom>,
+
+    /// Shadow overrides.
+    pub shadow: ShadowRule,
+
+    /// Corner radius to assume this layer surface has.
+    pub geometry_corner_radius: Option<CornerRadius>,
+}
+
+impl ResolvedLayerRules {
+    pub const fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            opacity: None,
+            block_out_from: None,
+            shadow: ShadowRule {
+                off: false,
+                on: false,
+                offset: None,
+                softness: None,
+                spread: None,
+                draw_behind_window: None,
+                color: None,
+                inactive_color: None,
+            },
+            geometry_corner_radius: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn compute(rules: &[LayerRule], surface: &LayerSurface, is_at_startup: bool) -> Self {
+        let _span = tracy_client::span!("ResolvedLayerRules::compute");
+
+        let mut resolved = ResolvedLayerRules::empty();
+
+        for rule in rules {
+            let matches = |m: &Match| {
+                if let Some(at_startup) = m.at_startup {
+                    if at_startup != is_at_startup {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                surface_matches(surface, m)
+            };
+
+            if !(rule.matches.is_empty() || rule.matches.iter().any(matches)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if rule.excludes.iter().any(matches) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if let Some(x) = rule.opacity {
+                resolved.opacity = Some(x);
+            }
+            if let Some(x) = rule.block_out_from {
+                resolved.block_out_from = Some(x);
+            }
+            if let Some(x) = rule.geometry_corner_radius {
+                resolved.geometry_corner_radius = Some(x);
+            }
+
+            resolved.shadow.merge_with(&rule.shadow);
+        }
+
+        resolved
+    }
+}
+
+fn surface_matches(surface: &LayerSurface, m: &Match) -> bool {
+    if let Some(namespace_re) = &m.namespace {
+        if !namespace_re.0.is_match(surface.namespace()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    true
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::time::Duration;

 use anyhow::Context as _;
 use glam::{Mat3, Vec2};
@@ -138,16 +137,15 @@ impl ClosingWindow {
        })
    }

-    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self, current_time: Duration) {
+    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self) {
        match &mut self.anim_state {
            AnimationState::Waiting { blocker, anim } => {
                if blocker.state() != BlockerState::Pending {
-                    let mut anim = anim.restarted(0., 1., 0.);
-                    anim.set_current_time(current_time);
+                    let anim = anim.restarted(0., 1., 0.);
                    self.anim_state = AnimationState::Animating(anim);
                }
            }
-            AnimationState::Animating(anim) => anim.set_current_time(current_time),
+            AnimationState::Animating(_anim) => (),
        }
    }

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use std::iter::zip;

 use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
-use niri_config::{CornerRadius, Gradient, GradientInterpolation, GradientRelativeTo};
-use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Kind;
+use niri_config::{CornerRadius, Gradient, GradientRelativeTo};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::{Element as _, Kind};
 use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

 use crate::niri_render_elements;
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ impl FocusRing {
        }
    }

+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub fn update_render_elements(
        &mut self,
        win_size: Size<f64, Logical>,
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ impl FocusRing {
        view_rect: Rectangle<f64, Logical>,
        radius: CornerRadius,
        scale: f64,
+        alpha: f32,
    ) {
        let width = self.config.width.0;
        self.full_size = win_size + Size::from((width, width)).upscale(2.);
@@ -86,15 +88,9 @@ impl FocusRing {
        self.use_border_shader = radius != CornerRadius::default() || gradient.is_some();

        // Set the defaults for solid color + rounded corners.
-        let gradient = gradient.unwrap_or(Gradient {
-            from: color,
-            to: color,
-            angle: 0,
-            relative_to: GradientRelativeTo::Window,
-            in_: GradientInterpolation::default(),
-        });
+        let gradient = gradient.unwrap_or_else(|| Gradient::from(color));

-        let full_rect = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((-width, -width), self.full_size);
+        let full_rect = Rectangle::new(Point::from((-width, -width)), self.full_size);
        let gradient_area = match gradient.relative_to {
            GradientRelativeTo::Window => full_rect,
            GradientRelativeTo::WorkspaceView => view_rect,
@@ -178,15 +174,16 @@ impl FocusRing {
            for (border, (loc, size)) in zip(&mut self.borders, zip(self.locations, self.sizes)) {
                border.update(
                    size,
-                    Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(gradient_area.loc - loc, gradient_area.size),
+                    Rectangle::new(gradient_area.loc - loc, gradient_area.size),
                    gradient.in_,
                    gradient.from,
                    gradient.to,
                    ((gradient.angle as f32) - 90.).to_radians(),
-                    Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(full_rect.loc - loc, full_rect.size),
+                    Rectangle::new(full_rect.loc - loc, full_rect.size),
                    rounded_corner_border_width,
                    radius,
                    scale as f32,
+                    alpha,
                );
            }
        } else {
@@ -196,18 +193,16 @@ impl FocusRing {

            self.borders[0].update(
                self.sizes[0],
-                Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(
-                    gradient_area.loc - self.locations[0],
-                    gradient_area.size,
-                ),
+                Rectangle::new(gradient_area.loc - self.locations[0], gradient_area.size),
                gradient.in_,
                gradient.from,
                gradient.to,
                ((gradient.angle as f32) - 90.).to_radians(),
-                Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(full_rect.loc - self.locations[0], full_rect.size),
+                Rectangle::new(full_rect.loc - self.locations[0], full_rect.size),
                rounded_corner_border_width,
                radius,
                scale as f32,
+                alpha,
            );
        }

@@ -238,7 +233,9 @@ impl FocusRing {
            let elem = if self.use_border_shader && has_border_shader {
                border.clone().with_location(location).into()
            } else {
-                SolidColorRenderElement::from_buffer(buffer, location, 1., Kind::Unspecified).into()
+                let alpha = border.alpha();
+                SolidColorRenderElement::from_buffer(buffer, location, alpha, Kind::Unspecified)
+                    .into()
            };
            rv.push(elem);
        };
@@ -265,4 +262,8 @@ impl FocusRing {
    pub fn is_off(&self) -> bool {
        self.config.off
    }
+
+    pub fn config(&self) -> &niri_config::FocusRing {
+        &self.config
+    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use niri_config::{CornerRadius, FloatOrInt};
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Size};
+
+use super::focus_ring::{FocusRing, FocusRingRenderElement};
+use crate::render_helpers::renderer::NiriRenderer;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct InsertHintElement {
+    inner: FocusRing,
+}
+
+pub type InsertHintRenderElement = FocusRingRenderElement;
+
+impl InsertHintElement {
+    pub fn new(config: niri_config::InsertHint) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: FocusRing::new(niri_config::FocusRing {
+                off: config.off,
+                width: FloatOrInt(0.),
+                active_color: config.color,
+                inactive_color: config.color,
+                active_gradient: config.gradient,
+                inactive_gradient: config.gradient,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, config: niri_config::InsertHint) {
+        self.inner.update_config(niri_config::FocusRing {
+            off: config.off,
+            width: FloatOrInt(0.),
+            active_color: config.color,
+            inactive_color: config.color,
+            active_gradient: config.gradient,
+            inactive_gradient: config.gradient,
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_shaders(&mut self) {
+        self.inner.update_shaders();
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_render_elements(
+        &mut self,
+        size: Size<f64, Logical>,
+        view_rect: Rectangle<f64, Logical>,
+        radius: CornerRadius,
+        scale: f64,
+    ) {
+        self.inner
+            .update_render_elements(size, true, false, view_rect, radius, scale, 1.);
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut impl NiriRenderer,
+        location: Point<f64, Logical>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = FocusRingRenderElement> {
+        self.inner.render(renderer, location)
+    }
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::time::Duration;

 use anyhow::Context as _;
 use glam::{Mat3, Vec2};
@@ -41,9 +40,7 @@ impl OpenAnimation {
        }
    }

-    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self, current_time: Duration) {
-        self.anim.set_current_time(current_time);
-    }
+    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self) {}

    pub fn is_done(&self) -> bool {
        self.anim.is_done()
@@ -75,7 +72,7 @@ impl OpenAnimation {
        let texture_size = geo.size.to_f64().to_logical(scale);

        if Shaders::get(renderer).program(ProgramType::Open).is_some() {
-            let mut area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(location + offset, texture_size);
+            let mut area = Rectangle::new(location + offset, texture_size);

            // Expand the area a bit to allow for more varied effects.
            let mut target_size = area.size.upscale(1.5);
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+use std::iter::zip;
+
+use niri_config::CornerRadius;
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Size};
+
+use crate::render_helpers::renderer::NiriRenderer;
+use crate::render_helpers::shadow::ShadowRenderElement;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Shadow {
+    shader_rects: Vec<Rectangle<f64, Logical>>,
+    shaders: Vec<ShadowRenderElement>,
+    config: niri_config::Shadow,
+}
+
+impl Shadow {
+    pub fn new(config: niri_config::Shadow) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            shader_rects: Vec::new(),
+            shaders: Vec::new(),
+            config,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, config: niri_config::Shadow) {
+        self.config = config;
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_shaders(&mut self) {
+        for elem in &mut self.shaders {
+            elem.damage_all();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_render_elements(
+        &mut self,
+        win_size: Size<f64, Logical>,
+        is_active: bool,
+        radius: CornerRadius,
+        scale: f64,
+        alpha: f32,
+    ) {
+        let ceil = |logical: f64| (logical * scale).ceil() / scale;
+
+        // All of this stuff should end up aligned to physical pixels because:
+        // * Window size is rounded to physical pixels before being passed to this function.
+        // * We will ceil the corner radii below.
+        // * We do not divide anything, only add, subtract and multiply by integers.
+        // * At rendering time, tile positions are rounded to physical pixels.
+
+        let width = self.config.softness.0;
+        // Like in CSS box-shadow.
+        let sigma = width / 2.;
+        // Adjust width to draw all necessary pixels.
+        let width = ceil(sigma * 3.);
+
+        let offset = self.config.offset;
+        let offset = Point::from((ceil(offset.x.0), ceil(offset.y.0)));
+
+        let spread = ceil(self.config.spread.0);
+        let offset = offset - Point::from((spread, spread));
+
+        let win_radius = radius.fit_to(win_size.w as f32, win_size.h as f32);
+
+        let box_size = win_size + Size::from((spread, spread)).upscale(2.);
+        let radius = win_radius.expanded_by(spread as f32);
+
+        let shader_size = box_size + Size::from((width, width)).upscale(2.);
+
+        let color = if is_active {
+            self.config.color
+        } else {
+            // Default to slightly more transparent.
+            self.config
+                .inactive_color
+                .unwrap_or(self.config.color * 0.75)
+        };
+
+        let shader_geo = Rectangle::new(Point::from((-width, -width)), shader_size);
+
+        // This is actually offset relative to shader_geo, this is handled below.
+        let window_geo = Rectangle::new(Point::from((0., 0.)), win_size);
+
+        if !self.config.draw_behind_window {
+            let top_left = ceil(f64::from(win_radius.top_left));
+            let top_right = f64::min(win_size.w - top_left, ceil(f64::from(win_radius.top_right)));
+            let bottom_left = f64::min(
+                win_size.h - top_left,
+                ceil(f64::from(win_radius.bottom_left)),
+            );
+            let bottom_right = f64::min(
+                win_size.h - top_right,
+                f64::min(
+                    win_size.w - bottom_left,
+                    ceil(f64::from(win_radius.bottom_right)),
+                ),
+            );
+
+            let top_left = Rectangle::new(Point::from((0., 0.)), Size::from((top_left, top_left)));
+            let top_right = Rectangle::new(
+                Point::from((win_size.w - top_right, 0.)),
+                Size::from((top_right, top_right)),
+            );
+            let bottom_right = Rectangle::new(
+                Point::from((win_size.w - bottom_right, win_size.h - bottom_right)),
+                Size::from((bottom_right, bottom_right)),
+            );
+            let bottom_left = Rectangle::new(
+                Point::from((0., win_size.h - bottom_left)),
+                Size::from((bottom_left, bottom_left)),
+            );
+
+            let mut background =
+                window_geo.subtract_rects([top_left, top_right, bottom_right, bottom_left]);
+            for rect in &mut background {
+                rect.loc -= offset;
+            }
+
+            self.shader_rects = shader_geo.subtract_rects(background);
+            self.shaders
+                .resize_with(self.shader_rects.len(), Default::default);
+
+            for (shader, rect) in zip(&mut self.shaders, &mut self.shader_rects) {
+                shader.update(
+                    rect.size,
+                    Rectangle::new(rect.loc.upscale(-1.), box_size),
+                    color,
+                    sigma as f32,
+                    radius,
+                    scale as f32,
+                    Rectangle::new(window_geo.loc - offset - rect.loc, window_geo.size),
+                    win_radius,
+                    alpha,
+                );
+
+                rect.loc += offset;
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.shader_rects.resize_with(1, Default::default);
+            self.shader_rects[0] = shader_geo;
+
+            self.shaders.resize_with(1, Default::default);
+            self.shaders[0].update(
+                shader_geo.size,
+                Rectangle::new(shader_geo.loc.upscale(-1.), box_size),
+                color,
+                sigma as f32,
+                radius,
+                scale as f32,
+                Rectangle::zero(),
+                Default::default(),
+                alpha,
+            );
+
+            self.shader_rects[0].loc += offset;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut impl NiriRenderer,
+        location: Point<f64, Logical>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = ShadowRenderElement> + '_ {
+        if !self.config.on {
+            return None.into_iter().flatten();
+        }
+
+        let has_shadow_shader = ShadowRenderElement::has_shader(renderer);
+        if !has_shadow_shader {
+            return None.into_iter().flatten();
+        }
+
+        let rv = zip(&self.shaders, &self.shader_rects)
+            .map(move |(shader, rect)| shader.clone().with_location(location + rect.loc));
+
+        Some(rv).into_iter().flatten()
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+use std::iter::zip;
+use std::mem;
+
+use niri_config::{CornerRadius, Gradient, GradientRelativeTo, TabIndicatorPosition};
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Size};
+
+use super::tile::Tile;
+use super::LayoutElement;
+use crate::animation::{Animation, Clock};
+use crate::niri_render_elements;
+use crate::render_helpers::border::BorderRenderElement;
+use crate::render_helpers::renderer::NiriRenderer;
+use crate::utils::{floor_logical_in_physical_max1, round_logical_in_physical};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TabIndicator {
+    shader_locs: Vec<Point<f64, Logical>>,
+    shaders: Vec<BorderRenderElement>,
+    open_anim: Option<Animation>,
+    config: niri_config::TabIndicator,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct TabInfo {
+    /// Gradient for the tab indicator.
+    pub gradient: Gradient,
+    /// Tab geometry in the same coordinate system as the area.
+    pub geometry: Rectangle<f64, Logical>,
+}
+
+niri_render_elements! {
+    TabIndicatorRenderElement => {
+        Gradient = BorderRenderElement,
+    }
+}
+
+impl TabIndicator {
+    pub fn new(config: niri_config::TabIndicator) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            shader_locs: Vec::new(),
+            shaders: Vec::new(),
+            open_anim: None,
+            config,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, config: niri_config::TabIndicator) {
+        self.config = config;
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_shaders(&mut self) {
+        for elem in &mut self.shaders {
+            elem.damage_all();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(anim) = &mut self.open_anim {
+            if anim.is_done() {
+                self.open_anim = None;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn are_animations_ongoing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.open_anim.is_some()
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_open_animation(&mut self, clock: Clock, config: niri_config::Animation) {
+        self.open_anim = Some(Animation::new(clock, 0., 1., 0., config));
+    }
+
+    fn tab_rects(
+        &self,
+        area: Rectangle<f64, Logical>,
+        count: usize,
+        scale: f64,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = Rectangle<f64, Logical>> {
+        let round = |logical: f64| round_logical_in_physical(scale, logical);
+
+        let progress = self.open_anim.as_ref().map_or(1., |a| a.value().max(0.));
+
+        let width = round(self.config.width.0);
+        let gap = round(self.config.gap.0);
+        let gaps_between = round(self.config.gaps_between_tabs.0);
+
+        let position = self.config.position;
+        let side = match position {
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Left | TabIndicatorPosition::Right => area.size.h,
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Top | TabIndicatorPosition::Bottom => area.size.w,
+        };
+        let total_prop = self.config.length.total_proportion.unwrap_or(0.5);
+        let min_length = round(side * total_prop.clamp(0., 2.));
+
+        // Compute px_per_tab before applying the animation to gaps_between in order to avoid it
+        // growing and shrinking over the duration of the animation.
+        let pixel = 1. / scale;
+        let shortest_length = count as f64 * (pixel + gaps_between) - gaps_between;
+        let length = f64::max(min_length, shortest_length);
+        let px_per_tab = (length + gaps_between) / count as f64 - gaps_between;
+
+        let px_per_tab = px_per_tab * progress;
+        let gaps_between = round(self.config.gaps_between_tabs.0 * progress);
+
+        let length = count as f64 * (px_per_tab + gaps_between) - gaps_between;
+        let px_per_tab = floor_logical_in_physical_max1(scale, px_per_tab);
+        let floored_length = count as f64 * (px_per_tab + gaps_between) - gaps_between;
+        let mut ones_left = ((length - floored_length) / pixel).round() as usize;
+
+        let mut shader_loc = Point::from((-gap - width, round((side - length) / 2.)));
+        match position {
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Left => (),
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Right => shader_loc.x = area.size.w + gap,
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Top => mem::swap(&mut shader_loc.x, &mut shader_loc.y),
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Bottom => {
+                shader_loc.x = shader_loc.y;
+                shader_loc.y = area.size.h + gap;
+            }
+        }
+        shader_loc += area.loc;
+
+        (0..count).map(move |_| {
+            let mut px_per_tab = px_per_tab;
+            if ones_left > 0 {
+                ones_left -= 1;
+                px_per_tab += pixel;
+            }
+
+            let loc = shader_loc;
+
+            match position {
+                TabIndicatorPosition::Left | TabIndicatorPosition::Right => {
+                    shader_loc.y += px_per_tab + gaps_between
+                }
+                TabIndicatorPosition::Top | TabIndicatorPosition::Bottom => {
+                    shader_loc.x += px_per_tab + gaps_between
+                }
+            }
+
+            let size = match position {
+                TabIndicatorPosition::Left | TabIndicatorPosition::Right => {
+                    Size::from((width, px_per_tab))
+                }
+                TabIndicatorPosition::Top | TabIndicatorPosition::Bottom => {
+                    Size::from((px_per_tab, width))
+                }
+            };
+
+            Rectangle::new(loc, size)
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn update_render_elements(
+        &mut self,
+        enabled: bool,
+        // Geometry of the tabs area.
+        area: Rectangle<f64, Logical>,
+        // View rect relative to the tabs area.
+        area_view_rect: Rectangle<f64, Logical>,
+        // Tab count, should match the tabs iterator length.
+        tab_count: usize,
+        tabs: impl Iterator<Item = TabInfo>,
+        is_active: bool,
+        scale: f64,
+    ) {
+        if !enabled || self.config.off {
+            self.shader_locs.clear();
+            self.shaders.clear();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let count = tab_count;
+        if self.config.hide_when_single_tab && count == 1 {
+            self.shader_locs.clear();
+            self.shaders.clear();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.shaders.resize_with(count, Default::default);
+        self.shader_locs.resize_with(count, Default::default);
+
+        let position = self.config.position;
+        let radius = self.config.corner_radius.0 as f32;
+        let shared_rounded_corners = self.config.gaps_between_tabs.0 == 0.;
+        let mut tabs_left = tab_count;
+
+        let rects = self.tab_rects(area, count, scale);
+        for ((shader, loc), (tab, rect)) in zip(
+            zip(&mut self.shaders, &mut self.shader_locs),
+            zip(tabs, rects),
+        ) {
+            *loc = rect.loc;
+
+            let mut gradient_area = match tab.gradient.relative_to {
+                GradientRelativeTo::Window => tab.geometry,
+                GradientRelativeTo::WorkspaceView => area_view_rect,
+            };
+            gradient_area.loc -= *loc;
+
+            let mut color_from = tab.gradient.from;
+            let mut color_to = tab.gradient.to;
+            if !is_active {
+                color_from *= 0.5;
+                color_to *= 0.5;
+            }
+
+            let radius = if shared_rounded_corners && tab_count > 1 {
+                if tabs_left == tab_count {
+                    // First tab.
+                    match position {
+                        TabIndicatorPosition::Left | TabIndicatorPosition::Right => CornerRadius {
+                            top_left: radius,
+                            top_right: radius,
+                            bottom_right: 0.,
+                            bottom_left: 0.,
+                        },
+                        TabIndicatorPosition::Top | TabIndicatorPosition::Bottom => CornerRadius {
+                            top_left: radius,
+                            top_right: 0.,
+                            bottom_right: 0.,
+                            bottom_left: radius,
+                        },
+                    }
+                } else if tabs_left == 1 {
+                    // Last tab.
+                    match position {
+                        TabIndicatorPosition::Left | TabIndicatorPosition::Right => CornerRadius {
+                            top_left: 0.,
+                            top_right: 0.,
+                            bottom_right: radius,
+                            bottom_left: radius,
+                        },
+                        TabIndicatorPosition::Top | TabIndicatorPosition::Bottom => CornerRadius {
+                            top_left: 0.,
+                            top_right: radius,
+                            bottom_right: radius,
+                            bottom_left: 0.,
+                        },
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Tab in the middle.
+                    CornerRadius::default()
+                }
+            } else {
+                // Separate tabs, or the only tab.
+                CornerRadius::from(radius)
+            };
+            let radius = radius.fit_to(rect.size.w as f32, rect.size.h as f32);
+            tabs_left -= 1;
+
+            shader.update(
+                rect.size,
+                gradient_area,
+                tab.gradient.in_,
+                color_from,
+                color_to,
+                ((tab.gradient.angle as f32) - 90.).to_radians(),
+                Rectangle::from_size(rect.size),
+                0.,
+                radius,
+                scale as f32,
+                1.,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn hit(
+        &self,
+        area: Rectangle<f64, Logical>,
+        tab_count: usize,
+        scale: f64,
+        point: Point<f64, Logical>,
+    ) -> Option<usize> {
+        if self.config.off {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let count = tab_count;
+        if self.config.hide_when_single_tab && count == 1 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self.tab_rects(area, count, scale)
+            .enumerate()
+            .find_map(|(idx, rect)| rect.contains(point).then_some(idx))
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut impl NiriRenderer,
+        pos: Point<f64, Logical>,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = TabIndicatorRenderElement> + '_ {
+        let has_border_shader = BorderRenderElement::has_shader(renderer);
+        if !has_border_shader {
+            return None.into_iter().flatten();
+        }
+
+        let rv = zip(&self.shaders, &self.shader_locs)
+            .map(move |(shader, loc)| shader.clone().with_location(pos + *loc))
+            .map(TabIndicatorRenderElement::from);
+
+        Some(rv).into_iter().flatten()
+    }
+
+    /// Extra size occupied by the tab indicator.
+    pub fn extra_size(&self, tab_count: usize, scale: f64) -> Size<f64, Logical> {
+        if self.config.off
+            || !self.config.place_within_column
+            || (self.config.hide_when_single_tab && tab_count == 1)
+        {
+            return Size::from((0., 0.));
+        }
+
+        let round = |logical: f64| round_logical_in_physical(scale, logical);
+        let width = round(self.config.width.0);
+        let gap = round(self.config.gap.0);
+
+        // No, I am *not* falling into the rabbit hole of "what if the tab indicator is wide enough
+        // that it peeks from the other side of the window".
+        let size = f64::max(0., width + gap);
+
+        match self.config.position {
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Left | TabIndicatorPosition::Right => Size::from((size, 0.)),
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Top | TabIndicatorPosition::Bottom => Size::from((0., size)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Offset of the tabbed content due to space occupied by the tab indicator.
+    pub fn content_offset(&self, tab_count: usize, scale: f64) -> Point<f64, Logical> {
+        match self.config.position {
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Left | TabIndicatorPosition::Top => {
+                self.extra_size(tab_count, scale).to_point()
+            }
+            TabIndicatorPosition::Right | TabIndicatorPosition::Bottom => Point::from((0., 0.)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn config(&self) -> niri_config::TabIndicator {
+        self.config
+    }
+}
+
+impl TabInfo {
+    pub fn from_tile<W: LayoutElement>(
+        tile: &Tile<W>,
+        position: Point<f64, Logical>,
+        is_active: bool,
+        config: &niri_config::TabIndicator,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let rules = tile.window().rules();
+        let rule = rules.tab_indicator;
+
+        let gradient_from_rule = || {
+            let (color, gradient) = if is_active {
+                (rule.active_color, rule.active_gradient)
+            } else {
+                (rule.inactive_color, rule.inactive_gradient)
+            };
+            let color = color.map(Gradient::from);
+            gradient.or(color)
+        };
+
+        let gradient_from_config = || {
+            let (color, gradient) = if is_active {
+                (config.active_color, config.active_gradient)
+            } else {
+                (config.inactive_color, config.inactive_gradient)
+            };
+            let color = color.map(Gradient::from);
+            gradient.or(color)
+        };
+
+        let gradient_from_border = || {
+            // Come up with tab indicator gradient matching the focus ring or the border, whichever
+            // one is enabled.
+            let focus_ring_config = tile.focus_ring().config();
+            let border_config = tile.border().config();
+            let config = if focus_ring_config.off {
+                border_config
+            } else {
+                focus_ring_config
+            };
+
+            let (color, gradient) = if is_active {
+                (config.active_color, config.active_gradient)
+            } else {
+                (config.inactive_color, config.inactive_gradient)
+            };
+            gradient.unwrap_or_else(|| Gradient::from(color))
+        };
+
+        let gradient = gradient_from_rule()
+            .or_else(gradient_from_config)
+            .unwrap_or_else(gradient_from_border);
+
+        let geometry = Rectangle::new(position, tile.animated_tile_size());
+
+        TabInfo { gradient, geometry }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+use core::f64;
 use std::rc::Rc;
-use std::time::Duration;

 use niri_config::{Color, CornerRadius, GradientInterpolation};
 use smithay::backend::allocator::Fourcc;
@@ -9,20 +9,23 @@ use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size, Transform};

 use super::focus_ring::{FocusRing, FocusRingRenderElement};
 use super::opening_window::{OpenAnimation, OpeningWindowRenderElement};
+use super::shadow::Shadow;
 use super::{
-    LayoutElement, LayoutElementRenderElement, LayoutElementRenderSnapshot, Options,
-    RESIZE_ANIMATION_THRESHOLD,
+    HitType, LayoutElement, LayoutElementRenderElement, LayoutElementRenderSnapshot, Options,
+    SizeFrac, RESIZE_ANIMATION_THRESHOLD,
 };
-use crate::animation::Animation;
+use crate::animation::{Animation, Clock};
 use crate::niri_render_elements;
 use crate::render_helpers::border::BorderRenderElement;
 use crate::render_helpers::clipped_surface::{ClippedSurfaceRenderElement, RoundedCornerDamage};
 use crate::render_helpers::damage::ExtraDamage;
 use crate::render_helpers::renderer::NiriRenderer;
 use crate::render_helpers::resize::ResizeRenderElement;
+use crate::render_helpers::shadow::ShadowRenderElement;
 use crate::render_helpers::snapshot::RenderSnapshot;
 use crate::render_helpers::solid_color::{SolidColorBuffer, SolidColorRenderElement};
 use crate::render_helpers::{render_to_encompassing_texture, RenderTarget};
+use crate::utils::round_logical_in_physical;
 use crate::utils::transaction::Transaction;

 /// Toplevel window with decorations.
@@ -35,11 +38,11 @@ pub struct Tile<W: LayoutElement> {
    border: FocusRing,

    /// The focus ring around the window.
-    ///
-    /// It's supposed to be on the Workspace, but for the sake of a nicer open animation it's
-    /// currently here.
    focus_ring: FocusRing,

+    /// The shadow around the window.
+    shadow: Shadow,
+
    /// Whether this tile is fullscreen.
    ///
    /// This will update only when the `window` actually goes fullscreen, rather than right away,
@@ -49,8 +52,27 @@ pub struct Tile<W: LayoutElement> {
    /// The black backdrop for fullscreen windows.
    fullscreen_backdrop: SolidColorBuffer,

-    /// The size we were requested to fullscreen into.
-    fullscreen_size: Size<f64, Logical>,
+    /// Whether the tile should float upon unfullscreening.
+    pub(super) unfullscreen_to_floating: bool,
+
+    /// The size that the window should assume when going floating.
+    ///
+    /// This is generally the last size the window had when it was floating. It can be unknown if
+    /// the window starts out in the tiling layout or fullscreen.
+    pub(super) floating_window_size: Option<Size<i32, Logical>>,
+
+    /// The position that the tile should assume when going floating, relative to the floating
+    /// space working area.
+    ///
+    /// This is generally the last position the tile had when it was floating. It can be unknown if
+    /// the window starts out in the tiling layout.
+    pub(super) floating_pos: Option<Point<f64, SizeFrac>>,
+
+    /// Currently selected preset width index when this tile is floating.
+    pub(super) floating_preset_width_idx: Option<usize>,
+
+    /// Currently selected preset height index when this tile is floating.
+    pub(super) floating_preset_height_idx: Option<usize>,

    /// The animation upon opening a window.
    open_animation: Option<OpenAnimation>,
@@ -64,6 +86,9 @@ pub struct Tile<W: LayoutElement> {
    /// The animation of a tile visually moving vertically.
    move_y_animation: Option<MoveAnimation>,

+    /// The animation of the tile's opacity.
+    pub(super) alpha_animation: Option<Animation>,
+
    /// Offset during the initial interactive move rubberband.
    pub(super) interactive_move_offset: Point<f64, Logical>,

@@ -73,9 +98,17 @@ pub struct Tile<W: LayoutElement> {
    /// Extra damage for clipped surface corner radius changes.
    rounded_corner_damage: RoundedCornerDamage,

+    /// The view size for the tile's workspace.
+    ///
+    /// Used as the fullscreen target size.
+    view_size: Size<f64, Logical>,
+
    /// Scale of the output the tile is on (and rounds its sizes to).
    scale: f64,

+    /// Clock for driving animations.
+    pub(super) clock: Clock,
+
    /// Configurable properties of the layout.
    pub(super) options: Rc<Options>,
 }
@@ -88,6 +121,7 @@ niri_render_elements! {
        Opening = OpeningWindowRenderElement,
        Resize = ResizeRenderElement,
        Border = BorderRenderElement,
+        Shadow = ShadowRenderElement,
        ClippedSurface = ClippedSurfaceRenderElement<R>,
        ExtraDamage = ExtraDamage,
    }
@@ -110,31 +144,61 @@ struct MoveAnimation {
 }

 impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
-    pub fn new(window: W, scale: f64, options: Rc<Options>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        window: W,
+        view_size: Size<f64, Logical>,
+        scale: f64,
+        clock: Clock,
+        options: Rc<Options>,
+    ) -> Self {
        let rules = window.rules();
        let border_config = rules.border.resolve_against(options.border);
        let focus_ring_config = rules.focus_ring.resolve_against(options.focus_ring.into());
+        let shadow_config = rules.shadow.resolve_against(options.shadow);
+        let is_fullscreen = window.is_fullscreen();

        Self {
            window,
            border: FocusRing::new(border_config.into()),
            focus_ring: FocusRing::new(focus_ring_config.into()),
-            is_fullscreen: false, // FIXME: up-to-date fullscreen right away, but we need size.
-            fullscreen_backdrop: SolidColorBuffer::new((0., 0.), [0., 0., 0., 1.]),
-            fullscreen_size: Default::default(),
+            shadow: Shadow::new(shadow_config),
+            is_fullscreen,
+            fullscreen_backdrop: SolidColorBuffer::new(view_size, [0., 0., 0., 1.]),
+            unfullscreen_to_floating: false,
+            floating_window_size: None,
+            floating_pos: None,
+            floating_preset_width_idx: None,
+            floating_preset_height_idx: None,
            open_animation: None,
            resize_animation: None,
            move_x_animation: None,
            move_y_animation: None,
+            alpha_animation: None,
            interactive_move_offset: Point::from((0., 0.)),
            unmap_snapshot: None,
            rounded_corner_damage: Default::default(),
+            view_size,
            scale,
+            clock,
            options,
        }
    }

-    pub fn update_config(&mut self, scale: f64, options: Rc<Options>) {
+    pub fn update_config(
+        &mut self,
+        view_size: Size<f64, Logical>,
+        scale: f64,
+        options: Rc<Options>,
+    ) {
+        // If preset widths or heights changed, clear our stored preset index.
+        if self.options.preset_column_widths != options.preset_column_widths {
+            self.floating_preset_width_idx = None;
+        }
+        if self.options.preset_window_heights != options.preset_window_heights {
+            self.floating_preset_height_idx = None;
+        }
+
+        self.view_size = view_size;
        self.scale = scale;
        self.options = options;

@@ -147,18 +211,21 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
            .focus_ring
            .resolve_against(self.options.focus_ring.into());
        self.focus_ring.update_config(focus_ring_config.into());
+
+        let shadow_config = rules.shadow.resolve_against(self.options.shadow);
+        self.shadow.update_config(shadow_config);
+
+        self.fullscreen_backdrop.resize(view_size);
    }

    pub fn update_shaders(&mut self) {
        self.border.update_shaders();
        self.focus_ring.update_shaders();
+        self.shadow.update_shaders();
    }

    pub fn update_window(&mut self) {
-        // FIXME: remove when we can get a fullscreen size right away.
-        if self.fullscreen_size != Size::from((0., 0.)) {
-            self.is_fullscreen = self.window.is_fullscreen();
-        }
+        self.is_fullscreen = self.window.is_fullscreen();

        if let Some(animate_from) = self.window.take_animation_snapshot() {
            let size_from = if let Some(resize) = self.resize_animation.take() {
@@ -180,7 +247,13 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
            let change = self.window.size().to_f64().to_point() - size_from.to_point();
            let change = f64::max(change.x.abs(), change.y.abs());
            if change > RESIZE_ANIMATION_THRESHOLD {
-                let anim = Animation::new(0., 1., 0., self.options.animations.window_resize.anim);
+                let anim = Animation::new(
+                    self.clock.clone(),
+                    0.,
+                    1.,
+                    0.,
+                    self.options.animations.window_resize.anim,
+                );
                self.resize_animation = Some(ResizeAnimation {
                    anim,
                    size_from,
@@ -199,6 +272,9 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
            .resolve_against(self.options.focus_ring.into());
        self.focus_ring.update_config(focus_ring_config.into());

+        let shadow_config = rules.shadow.resolve_against(self.options.shadow);
+        self.shadow.update_config(shadow_config);
+
        let window_size = self.window_size();
        let radius = rules
            .geometry_corner_radius
@@ -208,44 +284,52 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        self.rounded_corner_damage.set_size(window_size);
    }

-    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self, current_time: Duration) {
+    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self) {
        if let Some(open) = &mut self.open_animation {
-            open.advance_animations(current_time);
            if open.is_done() {
                self.open_animation = None;
            }
        }

        if let Some(resize) = &mut self.resize_animation {
-            resize.anim.set_current_time(current_time);
            if resize.anim.is_done() {
                self.resize_animation = None;
            }
        }

        if let Some(move_) = &mut self.move_x_animation {
-            move_.anim.set_current_time(current_time);
            if move_.anim.is_done() {
                self.move_x_animation = None;
            }
        }
        if let Some(move_) = &mut self.move_y_animation {
-            move_.anim.set_current_time(current_time);
            if move_.anim.is_done() {
                self.move_y_animation = None;
            }
        }
+
+        if let Some(alpha) = &mut self.alpha_animation {
+            if alpha.is_done() {
+                self.alpha_animation = None;
+            }
+        }
    }

    pub fn are_animations_ongoing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.are_transitions_ongoing() || self.window.rules().baba_is_float == Some(true)
+    }
+
+    pub fn are_transitions_ongoing(&self) -> bool {
        self.open_animation.is_some()
            || self.resize_animation.is_some()
            || self.move_x_animation.is_some()
            || self.move_y_animation.is_some()
+            || self.alpha_animation.is_some()
    }

-    pub fn update(&mut self, is_active: bool, view_rect: Rectangle<f64, Logical>) {
+    pub fn update_render_elements(&mut self, is_active: bool, view_rect: Rectangle<f64, Logical>) {
        let rules = self.window.rules();
+        let alpha = self.tile_alpha();

        let draw_border_with_background = rules
            .draw_border_with_background
@@ -264,12 +348,28 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
            self.animated_window_size(),
            is_active,
            !draw_border_with_background,
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(
+            Rectangle::new(
                view_rect.loc - Point::from((border_width, border_width)),
                view_rect.size,
            ),
            radius,
            self.scale,
+            alpha,
+        );
+
+        let radius = if self.is_fullscreen {
+            CornerRadius::default()
+        } else if self.effective_border_width().is_some() {
+            radius
+        } else {
+            rules.geometry_corner_radius.unwrap_or_default()
+        };
+        self.shadow.update_render_elements(
+            self.animated_tile_size(),
+            is_active,
+            radius,
+            self.scale,
+            alpha,
        );

        let draw_focus_ring_with_background = if self.effective_border_width().is_some() {
@@ -277,14 +377,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        } else {
            draw_border_with_background
        };
-        let radius = if self.is_fullscreen {
-            CornerRadius::default()
-        } else if self.effective_border_width().is_some() {
-            radius
-        } else {
-            rules.geometry_corner_radius.unwrap_or_default()
-        }
-        .expanded_by(self.focus_ring.width() as f32);
+        let radius = radius.expanded_by(self.focus_ring.width() as f32);
        self.focus_ring.update_render_elements(
            self.animated_tile_size(),
            is_active,
@@ -292,6 +385,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
            view_rect,
            radius,
            self.scale,
+            alpha,
        );
    }

@@ -316,6 +410,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {

    pub fn start_open_animation(&mut self) {
        self.open_animation = Some(OpenAnimation::new(Animation::new(
+            self.clock.clone(),
            0.,
            1.,
            0.,
@@ -343,7 +438,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        let anim = self.move_x_animation.take().map(|move_| move_.anim);
        let anim = anim
            .map(|anim| anim.restarted(1., 0., 0.))
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| Animation::new(1., 0., 0., config));
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Animation::new(self.clock.clone(), 1., 0., 0., config));

        self.move_x_animation = Some(MoveAnimation {
            anim,
@@ -362,7 +457,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        let anim = self.move_y_animation.take().map(|move_| move_.anim);
        let anim = anim
            .map(|anim| anim.restarted(1., 0., 0.))
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| Animation::new(1., 0., 0., config));
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| Animation::new(self.clock.clone(), 1., 0., 0., config));

        self.move_y_animation = Some(MoveAnimation {
            anim,
@@ -375,6 +470,31 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        self.move_y_animation = None;
    }

+    pub fn animate_alpha(&mut self, from: f64, to: f64, config: niri_config::Animation) {
+        let from = from.clamp(0., 1.);
+        let to = to.clamp(0., 1.);
+        let current = self.alpha_animation.take().map(|anim| anim.clamped_value());
+        let current = current.unwrap_or(from);
+        self.alpha_animation = Some(Animation::new(self.clock.clone(), current, to, 0., config));
+    }
+
+    pub fn ensure_alpha_animates_to_1(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(anim) = &self.alpha_animation {
+            if anim.to() != 1. {
+                // Cancel animation instead of starting a new one because the user likely wants to
+                // see the tile right away.
+                self.alpha_animation = None;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Opacity that applies to both window and decorations.
+    fn tile_alpha(&self) -> f32 {
+        self.alpha_animation
+            .as_ref()
+            .map_or(1., |anim| anim.clamped_value()) as f32
+    }
+
    pub fn window(&self) -> &W {
        &self.window
    }
@@ -383,16 +503,12 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        &mut self.window
    }

-    pub fn into_window(self) -> W {
-        self.window
-    }
-
    pub fn is_fullscreen(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_fullscreen
    }

    /// Returns `None` if the border is hidden and `Some(width)` if it should be shown.
-    fn effective_border_width(&self) -> Option<f64> {
+    pub fn effective_border_width(&self) -> Option<f64> {
        if self.is_fullscreen {
            return None;
        }
@@ -411,7 +527,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        // In fullscreen, center the window in the given size.
        if self.is_fullscreen {
            let window_size = self.window_size();
-            let target_size = self.fullscreen_size;
+            let target_size = self.view_size;

            // Windows aren't supposed to be larger than the fullscreen size, but in case we get
            // one, leave it at the top-left as usual.
@@ -441,8 +557,27 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        if self.is_fullscreen {
            // Normally we'd just return the fullscreen size here, but this makes things a bit
            // nicer if a fullscreen window is bigger than the fullscreen size for some reason.
-            size.w = f64::max(size.w, self.fullscreen_size.w);
-            size.h = f64::max(size.h, self.fullscreen_size.h);
+            size.w = f64::max(size.w, self.view_size.w);
+            size.h = f64::max(size.h, self.view_size.h);
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(width) = self.effective_border_width() {
+            size.w += width * 2.;
+            size.h += width * 2.;
+        }
+
+        size
+    }
+
+    pub fn tile_expected_or_current_size(&self) -> Size<f64, Logical> {
+        let mut size = self.window_expected_or_current_size();
+
+        if self.is_fullscreen {
+            // Normally we'd just return the fullscreen size here, but this makes things a bit
+            // nicer if a fullscreen window is bigger than the fullscreen size for some reason.
+            size.w = f64::max(size.w, self.view_size.w);
+            size.h = f64::max(size.h, self.view_size.h);
            return size;
        }

@@ -462,7 +597,16 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        size
    }

-    fn animated_window_size(&self) -> Size<f64, Logical> {
+    pub fn window_expected_or_current_size(&self) -> Size<f64, Logical> {
+        let size = self.window.expected_size();
+        let mut size = size.unwrap_or_else(|| self.window.size()).to_f64();
+        size = size
+            .to_physical_precise_round(self.scale)
+            .to_logical(self.scale);
+        size
+    }
+
+    pub fn animated_window_size(&self) -> Size<f64, Logical> {
        let mut size = self.window_size();

        if let Some(resize) = &self.resize_animation {
@@ -479,14 +623,14 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        size
    }

-    fn animated_tile_size(&self) -> Size<f64, Logical> {
+    pub fn animated_tile_size(&self) -> Size<f64, Logical> {
        let mut size = self.animated_window_size();

        if self.is_fullscreen {
            // Normally we'd just return the fullscreen size here, but this makes things a bit
            // nicer if a fullscreen window is bigger than the fullscreen size for some reason.
-            size.w = f64::max(size.w, self.fullscreen_size.w);
-            size.h = f64::max(size.h, self.fullscreen_size.h);
+            size.w = f64::max(size.w, self.view_size.w);
+            size.h = f64::max(size.h, self.view_size.h);
            return size;
        }

@@ -505,16 +649,32 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        loc
    }

-    pub fn is_in_input_region(&self, mut point: Point<f64, Logical>) -> bool {
+    fn is_in_input_region(&self, mut point: Point<f64, Logical>) -> bool {
        point -= self.window_loc().to_f64();
        self.window.is_in_input_region(point)
    }

-    pub fn is_in_activation_region(&self, point: Point<f64, Logical>) -> bool {
-        let activation_region = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), self.tile_size());
+    fn is_in_activation_region(&self, point: Point<f64, Logical>) -> bool {
+        let activation_region = Rectangle::from_size(self.tile_size());
        activation_region.contains(point)
    }

+    pub fn hit(&self, point: Point<f64, Logical>) -> Option<HitType> {
+        let offset = self.bob_offset();
+        let point = point - offset;
+
+        if self.is_in_input_region(point) {
+            let win_pos = self.buf_loc() + offset;
+            Some(HitType::Input { win_pos })
+        } else if self.is_in_activation_region(point) {
+            Some(HitType::Activate {
+                is_tab_indicator: false,
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
    pub fn request_tile_size(
        &mut self,
        mut size: Size<f64, Logical>,
@@ -567,10 +727,9 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        }
    }

-    pub fn request_fullscreen(&mut self, size: Size<f64, Logical>) {
-        self.fullscreen_backdrop.resize(size);
-        self.fullscreen_size = size;
-        self.window.request_fullscreen(size.to_i32_round());
+    pub fn request_fullscreen(&mut self) {
+        self.window
+            .request_fullscreen(self.view_size.to_i32_round());
    }

    pub fn min_size(&self) -> Size<f64, Logical> {
@@ -602,6 +761,18 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        size
    }

+    pub fn bob_offset(&self) -> Point<f64, Logical> {
+        if self.window.rules().baba_is_float != Some(true) {
+            return Point::from((0., 0.));
+        }
+
+        let now = self.clock.now().as_secs_f64();
+        let amplitude = self.view_size.h / 96.;
+        let y = amplitude * ((f64::consts::TAU * now / 3.6).sin() - 1.);
+        let y = round_logical_in_physical(self.scale, y);
+        Point::from((0., y))
+    }
+
    pub fn draw_border_with_background(&self) -> bool {
        if self.effective_border_width().is_some() {
            return false;
@@ -613,27 +784,40 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| !self.window.has_ssd())
    }

-    fn render_inner<R: NiriRenderer>(
-        &self,
+    fn render_inner<'a, R: NiriRenderer + 'a>(
+        &'a self,
        renderer: &mut R,
        location: Point<f64, Logical>,
        scale: Scale<f64>,
        focus_ring: bool,
        target: RenderTarget,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = TileRenderElement<R>> {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = TileRenderElement<R>> + 'a {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Tile::render_inner");

-        let alpha = if self.is_fullscreen {
+        let win_alpha = if self.is_fullscreen || self.window.is_ignoring_opacity_window_rule() {
            1.
        } else {
            self.window.rules().opacity.unwrap_or(1.).clamp(0., 1.)
        };

+        let tile_alpha = self.tile_alpha();
+        let win_alpha = win_alpha * tile_alpha;
+
+        // This is here rather than in render_offset() because render_offset() is currently assumed
+        // by the code to be temporary. So, for example, interactive move will try to "grab" the
+        // tile at its current render offset and reset the render offset to zero by cancelling the
+        // tile move animations. On the other hand, bob_offset() is not resettable, so adding it in
+        // render_offset() would cause obvious animation glitches.
+        //
+        // This isn't to say that adding it here is perfect; indeed, it kind of breaks view_rect
+        // passed to update_render_elements(). But, it works well enough for what it is.
+        let location = location + self.bob_offset();
+
        let window_loc = self.window_loc();
        let window_size = self.window_size().to_f64();
        let animated_window_size = self.animated_window_size();
        let window_render_loc = location + window_loc;
-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(window_render_loc, animated_window_size);
+        let area = Rectangle::new(window_render_loc, animated_window_size);

        let rules = self.window.rules();
        let clip_to_geometry = !self.is_fullscreen && rules.clip_to_geometry == Some(true);
@@ -647,7 +831,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        if let Some(resize) = &self.resize_animation {
            resize_popups = Some(
                self.window
-                    .render_popups(renderer, window_render_loc, scale, alpha, target)
+                    .render_popups(renderer, window_render_loc, scale, win_alpha, target)
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(Into::into),
            );
@@ -697,7 +881,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
                            resize.anim.clamped_value().clamp(0., 1.) as f32,
                            radius,
                            clip_to_geometry,
-                            alpha,
+                            win_alpha,
                        );
                        // FIXME: with split popups, this will use the resize element ID for
                        // popups, but we want the real IDs.
@@ -714,7 +898,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
                    SolidColorRenderElement::from_buffer(
                        &fallback_buffer,
                        area.loc,
-                        alpha,
+                        win_alpha,
                        Kind::Unspecified,
                    )
                    .into(),
@@ -730,9 +914,9 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        if resize_shader.is_none() && resize_fallback.is_none() {
            let window = self
                .window
-                .render(renderer, window_render_loc, scale, alpha, target);
+                .render(renderer, window_render_loc, scale, win_alpha, target);

-            let geo = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(window_render_loc, window_size);
+            let geo = Rectangle::new(window_render_loc, window_size);
            let radius = radius.fit_to(window_size.w as f32, window_size.h as f32);

            let clip_shader = ClippedSurfaceRenderElement::shader(renderer).cloned();
@@ -774,15 +958,16 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
                    if radius != CornerRadius::default() && has_border_shader {
                        return BorderRenderElement::new(
                            geo.size,
-                            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), geo.size),
+                            Rectangle::from_size(geo.size),
                            GradientInterpolation::default(),
                            Color::from_color32f(elem.color()),
                            Color::from_color32f(elem.color()),
                            0.,
-                            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), geo.size),
+                            Rectangle::from_size(geo.size),
                            0.,
                            radius,
                            scale.x as f32,
+                            1.,
                        )
                        .with_location(geo.loc)
                        .into();
@@ -809,7 +994,7 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
            SolidColorRenderElement::from_buffer(
                &self.fullscreen_backdrop,
                location,
-                1.,
+                tile_alpha,
                Kind::Unspecified,
            )
            .into()
@@ -824,17 +1009,19 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
        let rv = rv.chain(elem.into_iter().flatten());

        let elem = focus_ring.then(|| self.focus_ring.render(renderer, location).map(Into::into));
-        rv.chain(elem.into_iter().flatten())
+        let rv = rv.chain(elem.into_iter().flatten());
+
+        rv.chain(self.shadow.render(renderer, location).map(Into::into))
    }

-    pub fn render<R: NiriRenderer>(
-        &self,
+    pub fn render<'a, R: NiriRenderer + 'a>(
+        &'a self,
        renderer: &mut R,
        location: Point<f64, Logical>,
        scale: Scale<f64>,
        focus_ring: bool,
        target: RenderTarget,
-    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = TileRenderElement<R>> {
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = TileRenderElement<R>> + 'a {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Tile::render");

        let mut open_anim_elem = None;
@@ -916,4 +1103,35 @@ impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
    pub fn take_unmap_snapshot(&mut self) -> Option<TileRenderSnapshot> {
        self.unmap_snapshot.take()
    }
+
+    pub fn border(&self) -> &FocusRing {
+        &self.border
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_ring(&self) -> &FocusRing {
+        &self.focus_ring
+    }
+
+    pub fn options(&self) -> &Rc<Options> {
+        &self.options
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn view_size(&self) -> Size<f64, Logical> {
+        self.view_size
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn verify_invariants(&self) {
+        use approx::assert_abs_diff_eq;
+
+        assert_eq!(self.is_fullscreen, self.window.is_fullscreen());
+        assert_eq!(self.fullscreen_backdrop.size(), self.view_size);
+
+        let scale = self.scale;
+        let size = self.tile_size();
+        let rounded = size.to_physical_precise_round(scale).to_logical(scale);
+        assert_abs_diff_eq!(size.w, rounded.w, epsilon = 1e-5);
+        assert_abs_diff_eq!(size.h, rounded.h, epsilon = 1e-5);
+    }
 }
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ pub mod frame_clock;
 pub mod handlers;
 pub mod input;
 pub mod ipc;
+pub mod layer;
 pub mod layout;
 pub mod niri;
 pub mod protocols;
@@ -27,3 +28,6 @@ pub mod pw_utils;

 #[cfg(not(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast"))]
 pub use dummy_pw_utils as pw_utils;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
@@ -5,13 +5,12 @@ use std::fmt::Write as _;
 use std::fs::{self, File};
 use std::io::{self, Write};
 use std::os::fd::FromRawFd;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::Command;
 use std::{env, mem};

 use clap::Parser;
 use directories::ProjectDirs;
-use niri::animation;
 use niri::cli::{Cli, Sub};
 #[cfg(feature = "dbus")]
 use niri::dbus;
@@ -33,6 +32,11 @@ use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;

 const DEFAULT_LOG_FILTER: &str = "niri=debug,smithay::backend::renderer::gles=error";

+#[cfg(feature = "profile-with-tracy-allocations")]
+#[global_allocator]
+static GLOBAL: tracy_client::ProfiledAllocator<std::alloc::System> =
+    tracy_client::ProfiledAllocator::new(std::alloc::System, 100);
+
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // Set backtrace defaults if not set.
    if env::var_os("RUST_BACKTRACE").is_none() {
@@ -44,6 +48,13 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        REMOVE_ENV_RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

+    let directives = env::var("RUST_LOG").unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_LOG_FILTER.to_owned());
+    let env_filter = EnvFilter::builder().parse_lossy(directives);
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
+        .compact()
+        .with_env_filter(env_filter)
+        .init();
+
    if env::var_os("NOTIFY_SOCKET").is_some() {
        IS_SYSTEMD_SERVICE.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);

@@ -54,19 +65,12 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        );
    }

-    let directives = env::var("RUST_LOG").unwrap_or_else(|_| DEFAULT_LOG_FILTER.to_owned());
-    let env_filter = EnvFilter::builder().parse_lossy(directives);
-    tracing_subscriber::fmt()
-        .compact()
-        .with_env_filter(env_filter)
-        .init();
-
    let cli = Cli::parse();

    if cli.session {
        // If we're starting as a session, assume that the intention is to start on a TTY. Remove
-        // DISPLAY or WAYLAND_DISPLAY from our environment if they are set, since they will cause
-        // the winit backend to be selected instead.
+        // DISPLAY, WAYLAND_DISPLAY or WAYLAND_SOCKET from our environment if they are set, since
+        // they will cause the winit backend to be selected instead.
        if env::var_os("DISPLAY").is_some() {
            warn!("running as a session but DISPLAY is set, removing it");
            env::remove_var("DISPLAY");
@@ -75,6 +79,10 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
            warn!("running as a session but WAYLAND_DISPLAY is set, removing it");
            env::remove_var("WAYLAND_DISPLAY");
        }
+        if env::var_os("WAYLAND_SOCKET").is_some() {
+            warn!("running as a session but WAYLAND_SOCKET is set, removing it");
+            env::remove_var("WAYLAND_SOCKET");
+        }

        // Set the current desktop for xdg-desktop-portal.
        env::set_var("XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP", "niri");
@@ -82,9 +90,6 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        env::set_var("XDG_SESSION_TYPE", "wayland");
    }

-    // Set a better error printer for config loading.
-    niri_config::set_miette_hook().unwrap();
-
    // Handle subcommands.
    if let Some(subcommand) = cli.subcommand {
        match subcommand {
@@ -159,13 +164,6 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        })
        .unwrap_or_default();

-    let slowdown = if config.animations.off {
-        0.
-    } else {
-        config.animations.slowdown.clamp(0., 100.)
-    };
-    animation::ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN.store(slowdown, Ordering::Relaxed);
-
    let spawn_at_startup = mem::take(&mut config.spawn_at_startup);
    *CHILD_ENV.write().unwrap() = mem::take(&mut config.environment);

@@ -179,11 +177,13 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
        event_loop.handle(),
        event_loop.get_signal(),
        display,
+        false,
+        true,
    )
    .unwrap();

    // Set WAYLAND_DISPLAY for children.
-    let socket_name = &state.niri.socket_name;
+    let socket_name = state.niri.socket_name.as_deref().unwrap();
    env::set_var("WAYLAND_DISPLAY", socket_name);
    info!(
        "listening on Wayland socket: {}",
@@ -192,8 +192,9 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {

    // Set NIRI_SOCKET for children.
    if let Some(ipc) = &state.niri.ipc_server {
-        env::set_var(SOCKET_PATH_ENV, &ipc.socket_path);
-        info!("IPC listening on: {}", ipc.socket_path.to_string_lossy());
+        let socket_path = ipc.socket_path.as_deref().unwrap();
+        env::set_var(SOCKET_PATH_ENV, socket_path);
+        info!("IPC listening on: {}", socket_path.to_string_lossy());
    }

    if cli.session {
@@ -226,12 +227,20 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {

    // Set up config file watcher.
    let _watcher = {
+        // Parsing the config actually takes > 20 ms on my beefy machine, so let's do it on the
+        // watcher thread.
+        let process = |path: &Path| {
+            Config::load(path).map_err(|err| {
+                warn!("{:?}", err.context("error loading config"));
+            })
+        };
+
        let (tx, rx) = calloop::channel::sync_channel(1);
-        let watcher = Watcher::new(watch_path.clone(), tx);
+        let watcher = Watcher::new(watch_path.clone(), process, tx);
        event_loop
            .handle()
-            .insert_source(rx, move |event, _, state| match event {
-                calloop::channel::Event::Msg(()) => state.reload_config(watch_path.clone()),
+            .insert_source(rx, |event, _, state| match event {
+                calloop::channel::Event::Msg(config) => state.reload_config(config),
                calloop::channel::Event::Closed => (),
            })
            .unwrap();
@@ -239,10 +248,10 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    };

    // Spawn commands from cli and auto-start.
-    spawn(cli.command);
+    spawn(cli.command, None);

    for elem in spawn_at_startup {
-        spawn(elem.command);
+        spawn(elem.command, None);
    }

    // Show the config error notification right away if needed.
@@ -11,10 +11,7 @@ use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::{
    Client, DataInit, Dispatch, DisplayHandle, GlobalDispatch, New, Resource,
 };
-use smithay::wayland::compositor::with_states;
-use smithay::wayland::shell::xdg::{
-    ToplevelStateSet, XdgToplevelSurfaceData, XdgToplevelSurfaceRoleAttributes,
-};
+use smithay::wayland::shell::xdg::{ToplevelStateSet, XdgToplevelSurfaceRoleAttributes};
 use wayland_protocols_wlr::foreign_toplevel::v1::server::{
    zwlr_foreign_toplevel_handle_v1, zwlr_foreign_toplevel_manager_v1,
 };
@@ -22,6 +19,7 @@ use zwlr_foreign_toplevel_handle_v1::ZwlrForeignToplevelHandleV1;
 use zwlr_foreign_toplevel_manager_v1::ZwlrForeignToplevelManagerV1;

 use crate::niri::State;
+use crate::utils::with_toplevel_role;

 const VERSION: u32 = 3;

@@ -96,37 +94,23 @@ pub fn refresh(state: &mut State) {
    // the previous window and only then activate the newly focused window.
    let mut focused = None;
    state.niri.layout.with_windows(|mapped, output, _| {
-        let wl_surface = mapped.toplevel().wl_surface();
-
-        with_states(wl_surface, |states| {
-            let role = states
-                .data_map
-                .get::<XdgToplevelSurfaceData>()
-                .unwrap()
-                .lock()
-                .unwrap();
-
+        let toplevel = mapped.toplevel();
+        let wl_surface = toplevel.wl_surface();
+        with_toplevel_role(toplevel, |role| {
            if state.niri.keyboard_focus.surface() == Some(wl_surface) {
                focused = Some((mapped.window.clone(), output.cloned()));
            } else {
-                refresh_toplevel(protocol_state, wl_surface, &role, output, false);
+                refresh_toplevel(protocol_state, wl_surface, role, output, false);
            }
        });
    });

    // Finally, refresh the focused window.
    if let Some((window, output)) = focused {
-        let wl_surface = window.toplevel().expect("no x11 support").wl_surface();
-
-        with_states(wl_surface, |states| {
-            let role = states
-                .data_map
-                .get::<XdgToplevelSurfaceData>()
-                .unwrap()
-                .lock()
-                .unwrap();
-
-            refresh_toplevel(protocol_state, wl_surface, &role, output.as_ref(), true);
+        let toplevel = window.toplevel().expect("no X11 support");
+        let wl_surface = toplevel.wl_surface();
+        with_toplevel_role(toplevel, |role| {
+            refresh_toplevel(protocol_state, wl_surface, role, output.as_ref(), true);
        });
    }
 }
@@ -177,7 +177,6 @@ where
                    }

                    // Verify that there's no more data.
-                    #[allow(clippy::unused_io_amount)] // False positive on 1.77.0
                    {
                        match file.read(&mut [0]) {
                            Ok(0) => (),
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@ pub mod gamma_control;
 pub mod mutter_x11_interop;
 pub mod output_management;
 pub mod screencopy;
+pub mod virtual_pointer;

 pub mod raw;
@@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ where
                let output_transform = output.current_transform();
                let output_physical_size =
                    output_transform.transform_size(output.current_mode().unwrap().size);
-                let output_rect = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), output_physical_size);
+                let output_rect = Rectangle::from_size(output_physical_size);

-                let rect = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((x, y), (width, height));
+                let rect = Rectangle::new(Point::from((x, y)), Size::from((width, height)));

                let output_scale = output.current_scale().fractional_scale();
                let physical_rect = rect.to_physical_precise_round(output_scale);
@@ -0,0 +1,563 @@
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+use smithay::backend::input::{
+    AbsolutePositionEvent, Axis, AxisRelativeDirection, AxisSource, ButtonState, Device,
+    DeviceCapability, Event, InputBackend, PointerAxisEvent, PointerButtonEvent,
+    PointerMotionAbsoluteEvent, PointerMotionEvent, UnusedEvent,
+};
+use smithay::input::pointer::AxisFrame;
+use smithay::output::Output;
+use smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols_wlr;
+use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_pointer;
+use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_seat::WlSeat;
+use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::{
+    Client, DataInit, Dispatch, DisplayHandle, GlobalDispatch, New, Resource,
+};
+use wayland_backend::protocol::WEnum;
+use wayland_protocols_wlr::virtual_pointer::v1::server::{
+    zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1, zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1,
+};
+use zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1::ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1;
+use zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::ZwlrVirtualPointerV1;
+
+const VERSION: u32 = 2;
+
+pub struct VirtualPointerManagerState {
+    virtual_pointers: HashSet<ZwlrVirtualPointerV1>,
+}
+
+pub struct VirtualPointerManagerGlobalData {
+    filter: Box<dyn for<'c> Fn(&'c Client) -> bool + Send + Sync>,
+}
+
+pub struct VirtualPointerInputBackend;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct VirtualPointer {
+    pointer: ZwlrVirtualPointerV1,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct VirtualPointerUserData {
+    seat: Option<WlSeat>,
+    output: Option<Output>,
+
+    axis_frame: Mutex<Option<AxisFrame>>,
+}
+
+impl VirtualPointer {
+    fn data(&self) -> &VirtualPointerUserData {
+        self.pointer.data().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub fn seat(&self) -> Option<&WlSeat> {
+        self.data().seat.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    pub fn output(&self) -> Option<&Output> {
+        self.data().output.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    fn finish_axis_frame(&self) -> Option<AxisFrame> {
+        self.data().axis_frame.lock().unwrap().take()
+    }
+
+    fn mutate_axis_frame(&self, time: Option<u32>, f: impl FnOnce(AxisFrame) -> AxisFrame) {
+        let mut frame = self.data().axis_frame.lock().unwrap();
+
+        *frame = frame.or(time.map(AxisFrame::new)).map(f);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Device for VirtualPointer {
+    fn id(&self) -> String {
+        format!("wlr virtual pointer {}", self.pointer.id())
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        String::from("virtual pointer")
+    }
+
+    fn has_capability(&self, capability: DeviceCapability) -> bool {
+        matches!(capability, DeviceCapability::Pointer)
+    }
+
+    fn usb_id(&self) -> Option<(u32, u32)> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn syspath(&self) -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct VirtualPointerMotionEvent {
+    pointer: VirtualPointer,
+    time: u32,
+    dx: f64,
+    dy: f64,
+}
+
+impl Event<VirtualPointerInputBackend> for VirtualPointerMotionEvent {
+    fn time(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.time as u64 * 1000 // millis to micros
+    }
+
+    fn device(&self) -> VirtualPointer {
+        self.pointer.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PointerMotionEvent<VirtualPointerInputBackend> for VirtualPointerMotionEvent {
+    fn delta_x(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.dx
+    }
+
+    fn delta_y(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.dy
+    }
+
+    fn delta_x_unaccel(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.dx
+    }
+
+    fn delta_y_unaccel(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.dy
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct VirtualPointerMotionAbsoluteEvent {
+    pointer: VirtualPointer,
+    time: u32,
+    x: u32,
+    y: u32,
+    x_extent: u32,
+    y_extent: u32,
+}
+
+impl Event<VirtualPointerInputBackend> for VirtualPointerMotionAbsoluteEvent {
+    fn time(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.time as u64 * 1000 // millis to micros
+    }
+
+    fn device(&self) -> VirtualPointer {
+        self.pointer.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AbsolutePositionEvent<VirtualPointerInputBackend> for VirtualPointerMotionAbsoluteEvent {
+    fn x(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.x as f64 / self.x_extent as f64
+    }
+
+    fn y(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.y as f64 / self.y_extent as f64
+    }
+
+    fn x_transformed(&self, width: i32) -> f64 {
+        (self.x as i64 * width as i64) as f64 / self.x_extent as f64
+    }
+
+    fn y_transformed(&self, height: i32) -> f64 {
+        (self.y as i64 * height as i64) as f64 / self.y_extent as f64
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct VirtualPointerButtonEvent {
+    pointer: VirtualPointer,
+    time: u32,
+    button: u32,
+    state: ButtonState,
+}
+
+impl Event<VirtualPointerInputBackend> for VirtualPointerButtonEvent {
+    fn time(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.time as u64 * 1000 // millis to micros
+    }
+
+    fn device(&self) -> VirtualPointer {
+        self.pointer.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PointerButtonEvent<VirtualPointerInputBackend> for VirtualPointerButtonEvent {
+    fn button_code(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.button
+    }
+
+    fn state(&self) -> ButtonState {
+        self.state
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct VirtualPointerAxisEvent {
+    pointer: VirtualPointer,
+    frame: AxisFrame,
+}
+
+impl Event<VirtualPointerInputBackend> for VirtualPointerAxisEvent {
+    fn time(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.frame.time as u64 * 1000 // millis to micros
+    }
+
+    fn device(&self) -> VirtualPointer {
+        self.pointer.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+fn tuple_axis<T>(tuple: (T, T), axis: Axis) -> T {
+    match axis {
+        Axis::Horizontal => tuple.0,
+        Axis::Vertical => tuple.1,
+    }
+}
+
+impl PointerAxisEvent<VirtualPointerInputBackend> for VirtualPointerAxisEvent {
+    fn amount(&self, axis: Axis) -> Option<f64> {
+        Some(tuple_axis(self.frame.axis, axis))
+    }
+
+    fn amount_v120(&self, axis: Axis) -> Option<f64> {
+        self.frame.v120.map(|v120| tuple_axis(v120, axis) as f64)
+    }
+
+    fn source(&self) -> AxisSource {
+        self.frame.source.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            warn!("AxisSource: no source set, giving bogus value");
+            AxisSource::Continuous
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn relative_direction(&self, axis: Axis) -> AxisRelativeDirection {
+        tuple_axis(self.frame.relative_direction, axis)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PointerMotionAbsoluteEvent<VirtualPointerInputBackend> for VirtualPointerMotionAbsoluteEvent {}
+
+impl InputBackend for VirtualPointerInputBackend {
+    type Device = VirtualPointer;
+
+    type KeyboardKeyEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type PointerAxisEvent = VirtualPointerAxisEvent;
+    type PointerButtonEvent = VirtualPointerButtonEvent;
+    type PointerMotionEvent = VirtualPointerMotionEvent;
+    type PointerMotionAbsoluteEvent = VirtualPointerMotionAbsoluteEvent;
+
+    type GestureSwipeBeginEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type GestureSwipeUpdateEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type GestureSwipeEndEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type GesturePinchBeginEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type GesturePinchUpdateEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type GesturePinchEndEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type GestureHoldBeginEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type GestureHoldEndEvent = UnusedEvent;
+
+    type TouchDownEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type TouchUpEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type TouchMotionEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type TouchCancelEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type TouchFrameEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type TabletToolAxisEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type TabletToolProximityEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type TabletToolTipEvent = UnusedEvent;
+    type TabletToolButtonEvent = UnusedEvent;
+
+    type SwitchToggleEvent = UnusedEvent;
+
+    type SpecialEvent = UnusedEvent;
+}
+
+pub trait VirtualPointerHandler {
+    fn virtual_pointer_manager_state(&mut self) -> &mut VirtualPointerManagerState;
+
+    fn create_virtual_pointer(&mut self, pointer: VirtualPointer) {
+        let _ = pointer;
+    }
+    fn destroy_virtual_pointer(&mut self, pointer: VirtualPointer) {
+        let _ = pointer;
+    }
+
+    fn on_virtual_pointer_motion(&mut self, event: VirtualPointerMotionEvent);
+    fn on_virtual_pointer_motion_absolute(&mut self, event: VirtualPointerMotionAbsoluteEvent);
+    fn on_virtual_pointer_button(&mut self, event: VirtualPointerButtonEvent);
+    fn on_virtual_pointer_axis(&mut self, event: VirtualPointerAxisEvent);
+}
+
+impl VirtualPointerManagerState {
+    pub fn new<D, F>(display: &DisplayHandle, filter: F) -> Self
+    where
+        D: GlobalDispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1, VirtualPointerManagerGlobalData>,
+        D: Dispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1, ()>,
+        D: Dispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerV1, VirtualPointerUserData>,
+        D: VirtualPointerHandler,
+        D: 'static,
+        F: for<'c> Fn(&'c Client) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    {
+        let global_data = VirtualPointerManagerGlobalData {
+            filter: Box::new(filter),
+        };
+        display.create_global::<D, ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1, _>(VERSION, global_data);
+
+        Self {
+            virtual_pointers: HashSet::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> GlobalDispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1, VirtualPointerManagerGlobalData, D>
+    for VirtualPointerManagerState
+where
+    D: GlobalDispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1, VirtualPointerManagerGlobalData>,
+    D: Dispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1, ()>,
+    D: Dispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerV1, VirtualPointerUserData>,
+    D: VirtualPointerHandler,
+    D: 'static,
+{
+    fn bind(
+        _state: &mut D,
+        _handle: &DisplayHandle,
+        _client: &Client,
+        manager: New<ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1>,
+        _manager_state: &VirtualPointerManagerGlobalData,
+        data_init: &mut DataInit<'_, D>,
+    ) {
+        data_init.init(manager, ());
+    }
+
+    fn can_view(client: Client, global_data: &VirtualPointerManagerGlobalData) -> bool {
+        (global_data.filter)(&client)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> Dispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1, (), D> for VirtualPointerManagerState
+where
+    D: Dispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1, ()>,
+    D: Dispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerV1, VirtualPointerUserData>,
+    D: VirtualPointerHandler,
+    D: 'static,
+{
+    fn request(
+        state: &mut D,
+        _client: &Client,
+        _resource: &ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1,
+        request: <ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1 as Resource>::Request,
+        _data: &(),
+        _dhandle: &DisplayHandle,
+        data_init: &mut DataInit<'_, D>,
+    ) {
+        let (id, seat, output) = match request {
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1::Request::CreateVirtualPointer { seat, id } => {
+                (id, seat, None)
+            }
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1::Request::CreateVirtualPointerWithOutput {
+                seat,
+                output,
+                id,
+            } => (id, seat, output.as_ref().and_then(Output::from_resource)),
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1::Request::Destroy => return,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+
+        let pointer = data_init.init(
+            id,
+            VirtualPointerUserData {
+                seat,
+                output,
+                axis_frame: Mutex::new(None),
+            },
+        );
+        state
+            .virtual_pointer_manager_state()
+            .virtual_pointers
+            .insert(pointer.clone());
+
+        state.create_virtual_pointer(VirtualPointer { pointer });
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D> Dispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerV1, VirtualPointerUserData, D> for VirtualPointerManagerState
+where
+    D: Dispatch<ZwlrVirtualPointerV1, VirtualPointerUserData>,
+    D: VirtualPointerHandler,
+    D: 'static,
+{
+    fn request(
+        handler: &mut D,
+        _client: &Client,
+        resource: &ZwlrVirtualPointerV1,
+        request: <ZwlrVirtualPointerV1 as Resource>::Request,
+        _data: &VirtualPointerUserData,
+        _dhandle: &DisplayHandle,
+        _data_init: &mut DataInit<'_, D>,
+    ) {
+        let pointer = VirtualPointer {
+            pointer: resource.clone(),
+        };
+        match request {
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Request::Motion { time, dx, dy } => {
+                let event = VirtualPointerMotionEvent {
+                    pointer,
+                    time,
+                    dx,
+                    dy,
+                };
+                handler.on_virtual_pointer_motion(event);
+            }
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Request::MotionAbsolute {
+                time,
+                x,
+                y,
+                x_extent,
+                y_extent,
+            } => {
+                let event = VirtualPointerMotionAbsoluteEvent {
+                    pointer,
+                    time,
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    x_extent,
+                    y_extent,
+                };
+                handler.on_virtual_pointer_motion_absolute(event);
+            }
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Request::Button {
+                time,
+                button,
+                state,
+            } => {
+                // state is an enum but wlroots treats it as a C boolean (zero or nonzero)
+                // so we emulate that behaviour too. ButtonState::Pressed and any invalid value
+                // counts as pressed.
+                // https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/wlroots/wlroots/-/blob/3187479c07c34a4de82c06a316a763a36a0499da/types/wlr_virtual_pointer_v1.c#L74
+                let state = match state {
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::ButtonState::Released) => ButtonState::Released,
+                    _ => ButtonState::Pressed,
+                };
+                let event = VirtualPointerButtonEvent {
+                    pointer,
+                    time,
+                    button,
+                    state,
+                };
+                handler.on_virtual_pointer_button(event);
+            }
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Request::Axis { time, axis, value } => {
+                let axis = match axis {
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::Axis::VerticalScroll) => Axis::Vertical,
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::Axis::HorizontalScroll) => Axis::Horizontal,
+                    _ => {
+                        warn!("Axis: invalid axis");
+                        resource.post_error(
+                            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Error::InvalidAxis,
+                            "invalid axis",
+                        );
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                pointer.mutate_axis_frame(Some(time), |frame| frame.value(axis, value));
+            }
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Request::Frame => {
+                if let Some(frame) = pointer.finish_axis_frame() {
+                    let event = VirtualPointerAxisEvent { pointer, frame };
+                    handler.on_virtual_pointer_axis(event);
+                }
+            }
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Request::AxisSource { axis_source } => {
+                let axis_source = match axis_source {
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::AxisSource::Wheel) => AxisSource::Wheel,
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::AxisSource::Finger) => AxisSource::Finger,
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::AxisSource::Continuous) => AxisSource::Continuous,
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::AxisSource::WheelTilt) => AxisSource::WheelTilt,
+
+                    _ => {
+                        warn!("AxisSource: invalid axis source");
+                        resource.post_error(
+                            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Error::InvalidAxisSource,
+                            "invalid axis source",
+                        );
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                pointer.mutate_axis_frame(None, |frame| frame.source(axis_source));
+            }
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Request::AxisStop { time, axis } => {
+                let axis = match axis {
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::Axis::VerticalScroll) => Axis::Vertical,
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::Axis::HorizontalScroll) => Axis::Horizontal,
+                    _ => {
+                        warn!("AxisStop: invalid axis");
+                        resource.post_error(
+                            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Error::InvalidAxis,
+                            "invalid axis",
+                        );
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+
+                pointer.mutate_axis_frame(Some(time), |frame| frame.stop(axis));
+            }
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Request::AxisDiscrete {
+                time,
+                axis,
+                value,
+                discrete,
+            } => {
+                let axis = match axis {
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::Axis::VerticalScroll) => Axis::Vertical,
+                    WEnum::Value(wl_pointer::Axis::HorizontalScroll) => Axis::Horizontal,
+                    _ => {
+                        warn!("AxisDiscrete: invalid axis");
+                        resource.post_error(
+                            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Error::InvalidAxis,
+                            "invalid axis",
+                        );
+                        return;
+                    }
+                };
+                pointer.mutate_axis_frame(Some(time), |frame| {
+                    frame.value(axis, value).v120(axis, discrete)
+                });
+            }
+            zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::Request::Destroy => {}
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn destroyed(
+        handler: &mut D,
+        _client: wayland_backend::server::ClientId,
+        resource: &ZwlrVirtualPointerV1,
+        _data: &VirtualPointerUserData,
+    ) {
+        let pointer = VirtualPointer {
+            pointer: resource.clone(),
+        };
+
+        handler.destroy_virtual_pointer(pointer);
+        handler
+            .virtual_pointer_manager_state()
+            .virtual_pointers
+            .remove(resource);
+    }
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! delegate_virtual_pointer {
+    ($(@<$( $lt:tt $( : $clt:tt $(+ $dlt:tt )* )? ),+>)? $ty: ty) => {
+        smithay::reexports::wayland_server::delegate_global_dispatch!($(@< $( $lt $( : $clt $(+ $dlt )* )? ),+ >)? $ty: [
+            smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols_wlr::virtual_pointer::v1::server::zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1::ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1: $crate::protocols::virtual_pointer::VirtualPointerManagerGlobalData
+            ] => $crate::protocols::virtual_pointer::VirtualPointerManagerState);
+
+        smithay::reexports::wayland_server::delegate_dispatch!($(@< $( $lt $( : $clt $(+ $dlt )* )? ),+ >)? $ty: [
+            smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols_wlr::virtual_pointer::v1::server::zwlr_virtual_pointer_manager_v1::ZwlrVirtualPointerManagerV1: ()
+        ] => $crate::protocols::virtual_pointer::VirtualPointerManagerState);
+
+        smithay::reexports::wayland_server::delegate_dispatch!($(@< $( $lt $( : $clt $(+ $dlt )* )? ),+ >)? $ty: [
+            smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols_wlr::virtual_pointer::v1::server::zwlr_virtual_pointer_v1::ZwlrVirtualPointerV1:  $crate::protocols::virtual_pointer::VirtualPointerUserData
+        ] => $crate::protocols::virtual_pointer::VirtualPointerManagerState);
+    };
+}
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use anyhow::Context as _;
 use calloop::timer::{TimeoutAction, Timer};
 use calloop::RegistrationToken;
 use pipewire::context::Context;
-use pipewire::core::Core;
+use pipewire::core::{Core, PW_ID_CORE};
 use pipewire::main_loop::MainLoop;
 use pipewire::properties::Properties;
 use pipewire::spa::buffer::DataType;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ use smithay::reexports::calloop::generic::Generic;
 use smithay::reexports::calloop::{Interest, LoopHandle, Mode, PostAction};
 use smithay::reexports::gbm::Modifier;
 use smithay::utils::{Physical, Scale, Size, Transform};
-use zbus::SignalContext;
+use zbus::object_server::SignalEmitter;

 use crate::dbus::mutter_screen_cast::{self, CursorMode};
 use crate::niri::State;
@@ -54,12 +54,14 @@ const CAST_DELAY_ALLOWANCE: Duration = Duration::from_micros(100);
 pub struct PipeWire {
    _context: Context,
    pub core: Core,
+    pub token: RegistrationToken,
    to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<PwToNiri>,
 }

 pub enum PwToNiri {
    StopCast { session_id: usize },
    Redraw(CastTarget),
+    FatalError,
 }

 pub struct Cast {
@@ -134,15 +136,26 @@ macro_rules! make_params {
 }

 impl PipeWire {
-    pub fn new(event_loop: &LoopHandle<'static, State>) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn new(
+        event_loop: &LoopHandle<'static, State>,
+        to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<PwToNiri>,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
        let main_loop = MainLoop::new(None).context("error creating MainLoop")?;
        let context = Context::new(&main_loop).context("error creating Context")?;
        let core = context.connect(None).context("error creating Core")?;

+        let to_niri_ = to_niri.clone();
        let listener = core
            .add_listener_local()
-            .error(|id, seq, res, message| {
+            .error(move |id, seq, res, message| {
                warn!(id, seq, res, message, "pw error");
+
+                // Reset PipeWire on connection errors.
+                if id == PW_ID_CORE && res == -32 {
+                    if let Err(err) = to_niri_.send(PwToNiri::FatalError) {
+                        warn!("error sending FatalError to niri: {err:?}");
+                    }
+                }
            })
            .register();
        mem::forget(listener);
@@ -154,7 +167,7 @@ impl PipeWire {
            }
        }
        let generic = Generic::new(AsFdWrapper(main_loop), Interest::READ, Mode::Level);
-        event_loop
+        let token = event_loop
            .insert_source(generic, move |_, wrapper, _| {
                let _span = tracy_client::span!("pipewire iteration");
                wrapper.0.loop_().iterate(Duration::ZERO);
@@ -162,17 +175,10 @@ impl PipeWire {
            })
            .unwrap();

-        let (to_niri, from_pipewire) = calloop::channel::channel();
-        event_loop
-            .insert_source(from_pipewire, move |event, _, state| match event {
-                calloop::channel::Event::Msg(msg) => state.on_pw_msg(msg),
-                calloop::channel::Event::Closed => (),
-            })
-            .unwrap();
-
        Ok(Self {
            _context: context,
            core,
+            token,
            to_niri,
        })
    }
@@ -188,7 +194,7 @@ impl PipeWire {
        refresh: u32,
        alpha: bool,
        cursor_mode: CursorMode,
-        signal_ctx: SignalContext<'static>,
+        signal_ctx: SignalEmitter<'static>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Cast> {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("PipeWire::start_cast");

@@ -769,7 +775,11 @@ impl Cast {
        let timer = Timer::from_duration(duration);
        let token = event_loop
            .insert_source(timer, move |_, _, state| {
-                state.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+                // Guard against output disconnecting before the timer has a chance to run.
+                if state.niri.output_state.contains_key(&output) {
+                    state.niri.queue_redraw(&output);
+                }
+
                TimeoutAction::Drop
            })
            .unwrap();
@@ -834,12 +844,9 @@ impl Cast {
            return false;
        }

-        let mut buffer = match self.stream.dequeue_buffer() {
-            Some(buffer) => buffer,
-            None => {
-                warn!("no available buffer in pw stream, skipping frame");
-                return false;
-            }
+        let Some(mut buffer) = self.stream.dequeue_buffer() else {
+            warn!("no available buffer in pw stream, skipping frame");
+            return false;
        };

        let fd = buffer.datas_mut()[0].as_raw().fd;
@@ -1023,7 +1030,7 @@ fn allocate_buffer(
            .create_buffer_object_with_modifiers2::<()>(w, h, fourcc, modifiers, flags)
            .context("error creating GBM buffer object")?;

-        let modifier = bo.modifier().unwrap();
+        let modifier = bo.modifier();
        let buffer = GbmBuffer::from_bo(bo, false);
        Ok((buffer, modifier))
    }
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ struct Parameters {
    corner_radius: CornerRadius,
    // Should only be used for visual improvements, i.e. corner radius anti-aliasing.
    scale: f32,
+    alpha: f32,
 }

 impl BorderRenderElement {
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ impl BorderRenderElement {
        border_width: f32,
        corner_radius: CornerRadius,
        scale: f32,
+        alpha: f32,
    ) -> Self {
        let inner = ShaderRenderElement::empty(ProgramType::Border, Kind::Unspecified);
        let mut rv = Self {
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ impl BorderRenderElement {
                border_width,
                corner_radius,
                scale,
+                alpha,
            },
        };
        rv.update_inner();
@@ -90,6 +93,7 @@ impl BorderRenderElement {
                border_width: 0.,
                corner_radius: Default::default(),
                scale: 1.,
+                alpha: 1.,
            },
        }
    }
@@ -111,6 +115,7 @@ impl BorderRenderElement {
        border_width: f32,
        corner_radius: CornerRadius,
        scale: f32,
+        alpha: f32,
    ) {
        let params = Parameters {
            size,
@@ -123,6 +128,7 @@ impl BorderRenderElement {
            border_width,
            corner_radius,
            scale,
+            alpha,
        };
        if self.params == params {
            return;
@@ -144,6 +150,7 @@ impl BorderRenderElement {
            border_width,
            corner_radius,
            scale,
+            alpha,
        } = self.params;

        let grad_offset = geometry.loc - gradient_area.loc;
@@ -189,6 +196,7 @@ impl BorderRenderElement {
            size,
            None,
            scale,
+            alpha,
            vec![
                Uniform::new("colorspace", colorspace),
                Uniform::new("hue_interpolation", hue_interpolation),
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{
    GlesError, GlesFrame, GlesRenderer, GlesTexProgram, Uniform,
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::utils::{CommitCounter, DamageSet, OpaqueRegions};
-use smithay::utils::{Buffer, Logical, Physical, Rectangle, Scale, Size, Transform};
+use smithay::utils::{Buffer, Logical, Physical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size, Transform};

 use super::damage::ExtraDamage;
 use super::renderer::{AsGlesFrame as _, NiriRenderer};
@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@ pub struct ClippedSurfaceRenderElement<R: NiriRenderer> {
    program: GlesTexProgram,
    corner_radius: CornerRadius,
    geometry: Rectangle<f64, Logical>,
-    input_to_geo: Mat3,
-    // Should only be used for visual improvements, i.e. corner radius anti-aliasing.
-    scale: f32,
+    uniforms: Vec<Uniform<'static>>,
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
@@ -72,13 +70,19 @@ impl<R: NiriRenderer> ClippedSurfaceRenderElement<R> {
            * Mat3::from_scale(buf_size / src_size)
            * Mat3::from_translation(-src_loc / buf_size);

+        let uniforms = vec![
+            Uniform::new("niri_scale", scale.x as f32),
+            Uniform::new("geo_size", (geometry.size.w as f32, geometry.size.h as f32)),
+            Uniform::new("corner_radius", <[f32; 4]>::from(corner_radius)),
+            mat3_uniform("input_to_geo", input_to_geo),
+        ];
+
        Self {
            inner: elem,
            program,
            corner_radius,
            geometry,
-            input_to_geo,
-            scale: scale.x as f32,
+            uniforms,
        }
    }

@@ -117,21 +121,21 @@ impl<R: NiriRenderer> ClippedSurfaceRenderElement<R> {
        let bottom_left = corner_radius.bottom_left as f64;

        [
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(geo.loc, (top_left, top_left)),
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(
-                (geo.loc.x + geo.size.w - top_right, geo.loc.y),
-                (top_right, top_right),
+            Rectangle::new(geo.loc, Size::from((top_left, top_left))),
+            Rectangle::new(
+                Point::from((geo.loc.x + geo.size.w - top_right, geo.loc.y)),
+                Size::from((top_right, top_right)),
            ),
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(
-                (
+            Rectangle::new(
+                Point::from((
                    geo.loc.x + geo.size.w - bottom_right,
                    geo.loc.y + geo.size.h - bottom_right,
-                ),
-                (bottom_right, bottom_right),
+                )),
+                Size::from((bottom_right, bottom_right)),
            ),
-            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(
-                (geo.loc.x, geo.loc.y + geo.size.h - bottom_left),
-                (bottom_left, bottom_left),
+            Rectangle::new(
+                Point::from((geo.loc.x, geo.loc.y + geo.size.h - bottom_left)),
+                Size::from((bottom_left, bottom_left)),
            ),
        ]
    }
@@ -220,18 +224,7 @@ impl RenderElement<GlesRenderer> for ClippedSurfaceRenderElement<GlesRenderer> {
        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
        opaque_regions: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
    ) -> Result<(), GlesError> {
-        frame.override_default_tex_program(
-            self.program.clone(),
-            vec![
-                Uniform::new("niri_scale", self.scale),
-                Uniform::new(
-                    "geo_size",
-                    (self.geometry.size.w as f32, self.geometry.size.h as f32),
-                ),
-                Uniform::new("corner_radius", <[f32; 4]>::from(self.corner_radius)),
-                mat3_uniform("input_to_geo", self.input_to_geo),
-            ],
-        );
+        frame.override_default_tex_program(self.program.clone(), self.uniforms.clone());
        RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&self.inner, frame, src, dst, damage, opaque_regions)?;
        frame.clear_tex_program_override();
        Ok(())
@@ -255,17 +248,9 @@ impl<'render> RenderElement<TtyRenderer<'render>>
        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
        opaque_regions: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
    ) -> Result<(), TtyRendererError<'render>> {
-        frame.as_gles_frame().override_default_tex_program(
-            self.program.clone(),
-            vec![
-                Uniform::new(
-                    "geo_size",
-                    (self.geometry.size.w as f32, self.geometry.size.h as f32),
-                ),
-                Uniform::new("corner_radius", <[f32; 4]>::from(self.corner_radius)),
-                mat3_uniform("input_to_geo", self.input_to_geo),
-            ],
-        );
+        frame
+            .as_gles_frame()
+            .override_default_tex_program(self.program.clone(), self.uniforms.clone());
        RenderElement::draw(&self.inner, frame, src, dst, damage, opaque_regions)?;
        frame.as_gles_frame().clear_tex_program_override();
        Ok(())
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl Element for ExtraDamage {
    }

    fn src(&self) -> Rectangle<f64, Buffer> {
-        Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), (1., 1.))
+        Rectangle::from_size(Size::from((1., 1.)))
    }

    fn geometry(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Rectangle<i32, Physical> {
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ pub mod resize;
 pub mod resources;
 pub mod shader_element;
 pub mod shaders;
+pub mod shadow;
 pub mod snapshot;
 pub mod solid_color;
 pub mod surface;
@@ -113,6 +114,11 @@ impl<E> SplitElements<E> {
        popups.extend(normal);
        popups
    }
+
+    pub fn extend(&mut self, other: SplitElements<E>) {
+        self.popups.extend(other.popups);
+        self.normal.extend(other.normal);
+    }
 }

 impl ToRenderElement for BakedBuffer<TextureBuffer<GlesTexture>> {
@@ -211,7 +217,7 @@ pub fn render_and_download(

    let buffer_size = size.to_logical(1).to_buffer(1, Transform::Normal);
    let mapping = renderer
-        .copy_framebuffer(Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), buffer_size), fourcc)
+        .copy_framebuffer(Rectangle::from_size(buffer_size), fourcc)
        .context("error copying framebuffer")?;
    Ok(mapping)
 }
@@ -295,7 +301,7 @@ fn render_elements(
    elements: impl Iterator<Item = impl RenderElement<GlesRenderer>>,
 ) -> anyhow::Result<SyncPoint> {
    let transform = transform.invert();
-    let output_rect = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), transform.transform_size(size));
+    let output_rect = Rectangle::from_size(transform.transform_size(size));

    let mut frame = renderer
        .render(size, transform)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl AsGlesRenderer for GlesRenderer {
    }
 }

-impl<'render> AsGlesRenderer for TtyRenderer<'render> {
+impl AsGlesRenderer for TtyRenderer<'_> {
    fn as_gles_renderer(&mut self) -> &mut GlesRenderer {
        self.as_mut()
    }
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl<'frame> AsGlesFrame<'frame> for GlesFrame<'frame> {
    }
 }

-impl<'render, 'frame> AsGlesFrame<'frame> for TtyFrame<'render, 'frame> {
+impl<'frame> AsGlesFrame<'frame> for TtyFrame<'_, 'frame> {
    fn as_gles_frame(&mut self) -> &mut GlesFrame<'frame> {
        self.as_mut()
    }
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl ResizeRenderElement {
        let tex_next_geo_scaled = tex_next_geo.to_f64().upscale(scale_next);
        let combined_geo = tex_prev_geo_scaled.merge(tex_next_geo_scaled).to_i32_up();

-        let area = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(
+        let area = Rectangle::new(
            area.loc + combined_geo.loc.to_logical(scale),
            combined_geo.size.to_logical(scale),
        );
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ impl ShaderRenderElement {
            program,
            id: Id::new(),
            commit_counter: CommitCounter::default(),
-            area: Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), size),
+            area: Rectangle::from_size(size),
            opaque_regions: opaque_regions.unwrap_or_default(),
            scale,
            alpha,
@@ -227,12 +227,14 @@ impl ShaderRenderElement {
        size: Size<f64, Logical>,
        opaque_regions: Option<Vec<Rectangle<f64, Logical>>>,
        scale: f32,
+        alpha: f32,
        uniforms: Vec<Uniform<'static>>,
        textures: HashMap<String, GlesTexture>,
    ) {
        self.area.size = size;
        self.opaque_regions = opaque_regions.unwrap_or_default();
        self.scale = scale;
+        self.alpha = alpha;
        self.additional_uniforms = uniforms;
        self.textures = textures;

@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ impl Element for ShaderRenderElement {
    }

    fn src(&self) -> Rectangle<f64, Buffer> {
-        Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0., 0.), (1., 1.))
+        Rectangle::from_size(Size::from((1., 1.)))
    }

    fn geometry(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Rectangle<i32, Physical> {
@@ -270,7 +272,7 @@ impl Element for ShaderRenderElement {
    }

    fn alpha(&self) -> f32 {
-        1.0
+        self.alpha
    }

    fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
@@ -308,13 +310,13 @@ impl RenderElement<GlesRenderer> for ShaderRenderElement {

                let rect_constrained_loc = rect
                    .loc
-                    .constrain(Rectangle::from_extemities((0, 0), dest_size.to_point()));
+                    .constrain(Rectangle::from_extremities((0, 0), dest_size.to_point()));
                let rect_clamped_size = rect.size.clamp(
                    (0, 0),
                    (dest_size.to_point() - rect_constrained_loc).to_size(),
                );

-                let rect = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(rect_constrained_loc, rect_clamped_size);
+                let rect = Rectangle::new(rect_constrained_loc, rect_clamped_size);
                [
                    rect.loc.x as f32,
                    rect.loc.y as f32,
@@ -328,13 +330,13 @@ impl RenderElement<GlesRenderer> for ShaderRenderElement {

                let rect_constrained_loc = rect
                    .loc
-                    .constrain(Rectangle::from_extemities((0, 0), dest_size.to_point()));
+                    .constrain(Rectangle::from_extremities((0, 0), dest_size.to_point()));
                let rect_clamped_size = rect.size.clamp(
                    (0, 0),
                    (dest_size.to_point() - rect_constrained_loc).to_size(),
                );

-                let rect = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(rect_constrained_loc, rect_clamped_size);
+                let rect = Rectangle::new(rect_constrained_loc, rect_clamped_size);
                // Add the 4 f32s per damage rectangle for each of the 6 vertices.
                (0..6).flat_map(move |_| {
                    [
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use super::shader_element::ShaderProgram;

 pub struct Shaders {
    pub border: Option<ShaderProgram>,
+    pub shadow: Option<ShaderProgram>,
    pub clipped_surface: Option<GlesTexProgram>,
    pub resize: Option<ShaderProgram>,
    pub custom_resize: RefCell<Option<ShaderProgram>>,
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ pub struct Shaders {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum ProgramType {
    Border,
+    Shadow,
    Resize,
    Close,
    Open,
@@ -53,6 +55,26 @@ impl Shaders {
        })
        .ok();

+        let shadow = ShaderProgram::compile(
+            renderer,
+            include_str!("shadow.frag"),
+            &[
+                UniformName::new("shadow_color", UniformType::_4f),
+                UniformName::new("sigma", UniformType::_1f),
+                UniformName::new("input_to_geo", UniformType::Matrix3x3),
+                UniformName::new("geo_size", UniformType::_2f),
+                UniformName::new("corner_radius", UniformType::_4f),
+                UniformName::new("window_input_to_geo", UniformType::Matrix3x3),
+                UniformName::new("window_geo_size", UniformType::_2f),
+                UniformName::new("window_corner_radius", UniformType::_4f),
+            ],
+            &[],
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| {
+            warn!("error compiling shadow shader: {err:?}");
+        })
+        .ok();
+
        let clipped_surface = renderer
            .compile_custom_texture_shader(
                include_str!("clipped_surface.frag"),
@@ -76,6 +98,7 @@ impl Shaders {

        Self {
            border,
+            shadow,
            clipped_surface,
            resize,
            custom_resize: RefCell::new(None),
@@ -121,6 +144,7 @@ impl Shaders {
    pub fn program(&self, program: ProgramType) -> Option<ShaderProgram> {
        match program {
            ProgramType::Border => self.border.clone(),
+            ProgramType::Shadow => self.shadow.clone(),
            ProgramType::Resize => self
                .custom_resize
                .borrow()
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+precision highp float;
+
+#if defined(DEBUG_FLAGS)
+uniform float niri_tint;
+#endif
+
+uniform float niri_alpha;
+uniform float niri_scale;
+
+uniform vec2 niri_size;
+varying vec2 niri_v_coords;
+
+uniform vec4 shadow_color;
+uniform float sigma;
+
+uniform mat3 input_to_geo;
+uniform vec2 geo_size;
+uniform vec4 corner_radius;
+
+uniform mat3 window_input_to_geo;
+uniform vec2 window_geo_size;
+uniform vec4 window_corner_radius;
+
+// Based on: https://madebyevan.com/shaders/fast-rounded-rectangle-shadows/
+//
+// License: CC0 (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)
+
+// A standard gaussian function, used for weighting samples
+float gaussian(float x, float sigma) {
+  const float pi = 3.141592653589793;
+  return exp(-(x * x) / (2.0 * sigma * sigma)) / (sqrt(2.0 * pi) * sigma);
+}
+
+// This approximates the error function, needed for the gaussian integral
+vec2 erf(vec2 x) {
+  vec2 s = sign(x), a = abs(x);
+  x = 1.0 + (0.278393 + (0.230389 + 0.078108 * (a * a)) * a) * a;
+  x *= x;
+  return s - s / (x * x);
+}
+
+// Return the blurred mask along the x dimension
+float roundedBoxShadowX(float x, float y, float sigma, float corner, vec2 halfSize) {
+  float delta = min(halfSize.y - corner - abs(y), 0.0);
+  float curved = halfSize.x - corner + sqrt(max(0.0, corner * corner - delta * delta));
+  vec2 integral = 0.5 + 0.5 * erf((x + vec2(-curved, curved)) * (sqrt(0.5) / sigma));
+  return integral.y - integral.x;
+}
+
+// Return the mask for the shadow of a box from lower to upper
+float roundedBoxShadow(vec2 lower, vec2 upper, vec2 point, float sigma, float corner) {
+  // Center everything to make the math easier
+  vec2 center = (lower + upper) * 0.5;
+  vec2 halfSize = (upper - lower) * 0.5;
+  point -= center;
+
+  // The signal is only non-zero in a limited range, so don't waste samples
+  float low = point.y - halfSize.y;
+  float high = point.y + halfSize.y;
+  float start = clamp(-3.0 * sigma, low, high);
+  float end = clamp(3.0 * sigma, low, high);
+
+  // Accumulate samples (we can get away with surprisingly few samples)
+  float step = (end - start) / 4.0;
+  float y = start + step * 0.5;
+  float value = 0.0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+    value += roundedBoxShadowX(point.x, point.y - y, sigma, corner, halfSize) * gaussian(y, sigma) * step;
+    y += step;
+  }
+
+  return value;
+}
+
+float rounding_alpha(vec2 coords, vec2 size, vec4 corner_radius) {
+    vec2 center;
+    float radius;
+
+    if (coords.x < corner_radius.x && coords.y < corner_radius.x) {
+        radius = corner_radius.x;
+        center = vec2(radius, radius);
+    } else if (size.x - corner_radius.y < coords.x && coords.y < corner_radius.y) {
+        radius = corner_radius.y;
+        center = vec2(size.x - radius, radius);
+    } else if (size.x - corner_radius.z < coords.x && size.y - corner_radius.z < coords.y) {
+        radius = corner_radius.z;
+        center = vec2(size.x - radius, size.y - radius);
+    } else if (coords.x < corner_radius.w && size.y - corner_radius.w < coords.y) {
+        radius = corner_radius.w;
+        center = vec2(radius, size.y - radius);
+    } else {
+        return 1.0;
+    }
+
+    float dist = distance(coords, center);
+    float half_px = 0.5 / niri_scale;
+    return 1.0 - smoothstep(radius - half_px, radius + half_px, dist);
+}
+
+void main() {
+    vec3 coords_geo = input_to_geo * vec3(niri_v_coords, 1.0);
+    vec3 coords_window_geo = window_input_to_geo * vec3(niri_v_coords, 1.0);
+
+    vec4 color = shadow_color;
+
+    float shadow_value;
+    if (sigma < 0.1) {
+        // With low enough sigma just draw a rounded rectangle.
+        shadow_value = rounding_alpha(coords_geo.xy, geo_size, corner_radius);
+    } else {
+        shadow_value = roundedBoxShadow(
+            vec2(0.0, 0.0),
+            geo_size,
+            coords_geo.xy,
+            sigma,
+            // FIXME: figure out how to blur with different corner radii.
+            //
+            // GTK seems to call blurring separately for the rect and for the 4 corners:
+            // https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/blob/gtk-4-16/gsk/gpu/shaders/gskgpuboxshadow.glsl
+            corner_radius.x
+        );
+    }
+    color = color * shadow_value;
+
+    // Cut out the inside of the window geometry if requested.
+    if (window_geo_size != vec2(0.0, 0.0)) {
+        if (0.0 <= coords_window_geo.x && coords_window_geo.x <= window_geo_size.x
+                && 0.0 <= coords_window_geo.y && coords_window_geo.y <= window_geo_size.y) {
+            float alpha = rounding_alpha(coords_window_geo.xy, window_geo_size, window_corner_radius);
+            color = color * (1.0 - alpha);
+        }
+    }
+
+    color = color * niri_alpha;
+
+#if defined(DEBUG_FLAGS)
+    if (niri_tint == 1.0)
+        color = vec4(0.0, 0.2, 0.0, 0.2) + color * 0.8;
+#endif
+
+    gl_FragColor = color;
+}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More