Update Smithay and dependencies

By default I want CSD so that people don't necessarily have to learn all
of the shortcuts right away, and can at least use the X to close
windows.

Cargo.lock

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ahash"
-version = "0.8.6"
+version = "0.8.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "91429305e9f0a25f6205c5b8e0d2db09e0708a7a6df0f42212bb56c32c8ac97a"
+checksum = "77c3a9648d43b9cd48db467b3f87fdd6e146bcc88ab0180006cef2179fe11d01"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "getrandom",
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ checksum = "0942ffc6dcaadf03badf6e6a2d0228460359d5e34b57ccdc720b7382dfbd5ec5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "android-activity"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "052ad56e336bcc615a214bffbeca6c181ee9550acec193f0327e0b103b033a4d"
+checksum = "39b801912a977c3fd52d80511fe1c0c8480c6f957f21ae2ce1b92ffe970cf4b9"
 dependencies = [
  "android-properties",
  "bitflags 2.4.1",
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.75"
+version = "1.0.79"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a4668cab20f66d8d020e1fbc0ebe47217433c1b6c8f2040faf858554e394ace6"
+checksum = "080e9890a082662b09c1ad45f567faeeb47f22b5fb23895fbe1e651e718e25ca"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "appendlist"
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1ca33f4bc4ed1babef42cad36cc1f51fa88be00420404e5b1e80ab1b18f7678c"
 dependencies = [
  "concurrent-queue",
- "event-listener 4.0.1",
+ "event-listener 4.0.3",
  "event-listener-strategy",
  "futures-core",
  "pin-project-lite",
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "async-task",
  "concurrent-queue",
  "fastrand 2.0.1",
- "futures-lite 2.1.0",
+ "futures-lite 2.2.0",
  "slab",
 ]
 
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "concurrent-queue",
  "futures-io",
- "futures-lite 2.1.0",
+ "futures-lite 2.2.0",
  "parking",
  "polling 3.3.1",
  "rustix 0.38.28",
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ version = "3.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7125e42787d53db9dd54261812ef17e937c95a51e4d291373b670342fa44310c"
 dependencies = [
- "event-listener 4.0.1",
+ "event-listener 4.0.3",
  "event-listener-strategy",
  "pin-project-lite",
 ]
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ checksum = "5fd55a5ba1179988837d24ab4c7cc8ed6efdeff578ede0416b4225a5fca35bd0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -300,19 +300,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-task"
-version = "4.6.0"
+version = "4.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e1d90cd0b264dfdd8eb5bad0a2c217c1f88fa96a8573f40e7b12de23fb468f46"
+checksum = "fbb36e985947064623dbd357f727af08ffd077f93d696782f3c56365fa2e2799"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-trait"
-version = "0.1.74"
+version = "0.1.77"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a66537f1bb974b254c98ed142ff995236e81b9d0fe4db0575f46612cb15eb0f9"
+checksum = "c980ee35e870bd1a4d2c8294d4c04d0499e67bca1e4b5cefcc693c2fa00caea9"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
  "rustc-hash",
  "shlex",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -397,9 +397,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "block-sys"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2dd7cf50912cddc06dc5ea7c08c5e81c1b2c842a70d19def1848d54c586fed92"
+checksum = "ae85a0696e7ea3b835a453750bf002770776609115e6d25c6d2ff28a8200f7e7"
 dependencies = [
  "objc-sys",
 ]
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "async-task",
  "fastrand 2.0.1",
  "futures-io",
- "futures-lite 2.1.0",
+ "futures-lite 2.2.0",
  "piper",
  "tracing",
 ]
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ checksum = "965ab7eb5f8f97d2a083c799f3a1b994fc397b2fe2da5d1da1626ce15a39f2b1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -521,9 +521,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-expr"
-version = "0.15.5"
+version = "0.15.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "03915af431787e6ffdcc74c645077518c6b6e01f80b761e0fbbfa288536311b3"
+checksum = "6100bc57b6209840798d95cb2775684849d332f7bd788db2a8c8caf7ef82a41a"
 dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -562,20 +562,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clang-sys"
-version = "1.6.1"
+version = "1.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c688fc74432808e3eb684cae8830a86be1d66a2bd58e1f248ed0960a590baf6f"
+checksum = "67523a3b4be3ce1989d607a828d036249522dd9c1c8de7f4dd2dae43a37369d1"
 dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "libc",
- "libloading 0.7.4",
+ "libloading",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.4.11"
+version = "4.4.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bfaff671f6b22ca62406885ece523383b9b64022e341e53e009a62ebc47a45f2"
+checksum = "52bdc885e4cacc7f7c9eedc1ef6da641603180c783c41a15c264944deeaab642"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
  "clap_derive",
@@ -583,9 +583,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.4.11"
+version = "4.4.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a216b506622bb1d316cd51328dce24e07bdff4a6128a47c7e7fad11878d5adbb"
+checksum = "fb7fb5e4e979aec3be7791562fcba452f94ad85e954da024396433e0e25a79e9"
 dependencies = [
  "anstream",
  "anstyle",
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -693,9 +693,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.11"
+version = "0.2.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ce420fe07aecd3e67c5f910618fe65e94158f6dcc0adf44e00d69ce2bdfe0fd0"
+checksum = "53fe5e26ff1b7aef8bca9c6080520cfb8d9333c7568e1829cef191a9723e5504"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -711,9 +711,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.17"
+version = "0.8.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c06d96137f14f244c37f989d9fff8f95e6c18b918e71f36638f8c49112e4c78f"
+checksum = "c3a430a770ebd84726f584a90ee7f020d28db52c6d02138900f22341f866d39c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
@@ -736,9 +736,9 @@ checksum = "96a6ac251f4a2aca6b3f91340350eab87ae57c3f127ffeb585e92bd336717991"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "deranged"
-version = "0.3.10"
+version = "0.3.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8eb30d70a07a3b04884d2677f06bec33509dc67ca60d92949e5535352d3191dc"
+checksum = "b42b6fa04a440b495c8b04d0e71b707c585f83cb9cb28cf8cd0d976c315e31b4"
 dependencies = [
  "powerfmt",
 ]
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ version = "0.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "330c60081dcc4c72131f8eb70510f1ac07223e5d4163db481a04a0befcffa412"
 dependencies = [
- "libloading 0.8.1",
+ "libloading",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -829,9 +829,9 @@ checksum = "9ea835d29036a4087793836fa931b08837ad5e957da9e23886b29586fb9b6650"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "drm"
-version = "0.11.0"
+version = "0.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e58eefd79f5173683872c0c82d0f05c2dc3c583d631259f60bb7a323756b7ff2"
+checksum = "a0f8a69e60d75ae7dab4ef26a59ca99f2a89d4c142089b537775ae0c198bdcde"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.4.1",
  "bytemuck",
@@ -842,9 +842,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "drm-ffi"
-version = "0.7.0"
+version = "0.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "220dd8c12ebf2b0cbaffa19e00de02f5f090d363fb900f16ea012c077eea1174"
+checksum = "41334f8405792483e32ad05fbb9c5680ff4e84491883d2947a4757dc54cb2ac6"
 dependencies = [
  "drm-sys",
  "rustix 0.38.28",
@@ -858,9 +858,9 @@ checksum = "0aafbcdb8afc29c1a7ee5fbe53b5d62f4565b35a042a662ca9fecd0b54dae6f4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "drm-sys"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5115283ec60c99da8a9e5dc3c55f27680211e974c948cb6f3b51f0373190503b"
+checksum = "2d09ff881f92f118b11105ba5e34ff8f4adf27b30dae8f12e28c193af1c83176"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys 0.6.3",
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ checksum = "f95e2801cd355d4a1a3e3953ce6ee5ae9603a5c833455343a8bfe3f44d418246"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -928,9 +928,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "event-listener"
-version = "4.0.1"
+version = "4.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "84f2cdcf274580f2d63697192d744727b3198894b1bf02923643bf59e2c26712"
+checksum = "67b215c49b2b248c855fb73579eb1f4f26c38ffdc12973e20e07b91d78d5646e"
 dependencies = [
  "concurrent-queue",
  "parking",
@@ -943,7 +943,7 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "958e4d70b6d5e81971bebec42271ec641e7ff4e170a6fa605f2b8a8b65cb97d3"
 dependencies = [
- "event-listener 4.0.1",
+ "event-listener 4.0.3",
  "pin-project-lite",
 ]
 
@@ -964,9 +964,9 @@ checksum = "25cbce373ec4653f1a01a31e8a5e5ec0c622dc27ff9c4e6606eefef5cbbed4a5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fdeflate"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.3.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "64d6dafc854908ff5da46ff3f8f473c6984119a2876a383a860246dd7841a868"
+checksum = "209098dd6dfc4445aa6111f0e98653ac323eaa4dfd212c9ca3931bf9955c31bd"
 dependencies = [
  "simd-adler32",
 ]
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ checksum = "1a5c6c585bc94aaf2c7b51dd4c2ba22680844aba4c687be581871a6f518c5742"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1025,15 +1025,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-core"
-version = "0.3.29"
+version = "0.3.30"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eb1d22c66e66d9d72e1758f0bd7d4fd0bee04cad842ee34587d68c07e45d088c"
+checksum = "dfc6580bb841c5a68e9ef15c77ccc837b40a7504914d52e47b8b0e9bbda25a1d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-io"
-version = "0.3.29"
+version = "0.3.30"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8bf34a163b5c4c52d0478a4d757da8fb65cabef42ba90515efee0f6f9fa45aaa"
+checksum = "a44623e20b9681a318efdd71c299b6b222ed6f231972bfe2f224ebad6311f0c1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-lite"
@@ -1052,9 +1052,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-lite"
-version = "2.1.0"
+version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "aeee267a1883f7ebef3700f262d2d54de95dfaf38189015a74fdc4e0c7ad8143"
+checksum = "445ba825b27408685aaecefd65178908c36c6e96aaf6d8599419d46e624192ba"
 dependencies = [
  "fastrand 2.0.1",
  "futures-core",
@@ -1065,21 +1065,21 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-sink"
-version = "0.3.29"
+version = "0.3.30"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e36d3378ee38c2a36ad710c5d30c2911d752cb941c00c72dbabfb786a7970817"
+checksum = "9fb8e00e87438d937621c1c6269e53f536c14d3fbd6a042bb24879e57d474fb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-task"
-version = "0.3.29"
+version = "0.3.30"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "efd193069b0ddadc69c46389b740bbccdd97203899b48d09c5f7969591d6bae2"
+checksum = "38d84fa142264698cdce1a9f9172cf383a0c82de1bddcf3092901442c4097004"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-util"
-version = "0.3.29"
+version = "0.3.30"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a19526d624e703a3179b3d322efec918b6246ea0fa51d41124525f00f1cc8104"
+checksum = "3d6401deb83407ab3da39eba7e33987a73c3df0c82b4bb5813ee871c19c41d48"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
  "futures-io",
@@ -1140,12 +1140,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "gethostname"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.4.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bb65d4ba3173c56a500b555b532f72c42e8d1fe64962b518897f8959fae2c177"
+checksum = "0176e0459c2e4a1fe232f984bca6890e681076abb9934f6cea7c326f3fc47818"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "winapi",
+ "windows-targets 0.48.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ checksum = "53010ccb100b96a67bc32c0175f0ed1426b31b655d562898e57325f81c023ac0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1406,16 +1406,6 @@ version = "0.2.151"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "302d7ab3130588088d277783b1e2d2e10c9e9e4a16dd9050e6ec93fb3e7048f4"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libloading"
-version = "0.7.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b67380fd3b2fbe7527a606e18729d21c6f3951633d0500574c4dc22d2d638b9f"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
 version = "0.8.1"
@@ -1548,9 +1538,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "loom"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ff50ecb28bb86013e935fb6683ab1f6d3a20016f123c76fd4c27470076ac30f5"
+checksum = "7e045d70ddfbc984eacfa964ded019534e8f6cbf36f6410aee0ed5cefa5a9175"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "generator",
@@ -1592,9 +1582,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
-version = "2.6.4"
+version = "2.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f665ee40bc4a3c5590afb1e9677db74a508659dfd71e126420da8274909a0167"
+checksum = "523dc4f511e55ab87b694dc30d0f820d60906ef06413f93d4d7a1385599cc149"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memmap2"
@@ -1652,7 +1642,7 @@ checksum = "49e7bc1560b95a3c4a25d03de42fe76ca718ab92d1a22a55b9b4cf67b3ae635c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1703,7 +1693,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "niri"
-version = "0.1.0-alpha.2"
+version = "0.1.0-alpha.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "arrayvec",
@@ -1714,11 +1704,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "directories",
  "git-version",
  "keyframe",
- "knuffel",
  "libc",
  "log",
  "logind-zbus",
- "miette",
+ "niri-config",
  "notify-rust",
  "pipewire",
  "png",
@@ -1738,6 +1727,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "zbus",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "niri-config"
+version = "0.1.0-alpha.3"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.4.1",
+ "directories",
+ "knuffel",
+ "miette",
+ "smithay",
+ "tracing",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nix"
 version = "0.26.4"
@@ -1796,23 +1797,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num_enum"
-version = "0.7.1"
+version = "0.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "683751d591e6d81200c39fb0d1032608b77724f34114db54f571ff1317b337c0"
+checksum = "02339744ee7253741199f897151b38e72257d13802d4ee837285cc2990a90845"
 dependencies = [
  "num_enum_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num_enum_derive"
-version = "0.7.1"
+version = "0.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c11e44798ad209ccdd91fc192f0526a369a01234f7373e1b141c96d7cee4f0e"
+checksum = "681030a937600a36906c185595136d26abfebb4aa9c65701cefcaf8578bb982b"
 dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-crate 2.0.1",
+ "proc-macro-crate 3.0.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1974,9 +1975,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pkg-config"
-version = "0.3.27"
+version = "0.3.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26072860ba924cbfa98ea39c8c19b4dd6a4a25423dbdf219c1eca91aa0cf6964"
+checksum = "69d3587f8a9e599cc7ec2c00e331f71c4e69a5f9a4b8a6efd5b07466b9736f9a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "png"
@@ -2051,12 +2052,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro-crate"
-version = "2.0.1"
+version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "97dc5fea232fc28d2f597b37c4876b348a40e33f3b02cc975c8d006d78d94b1a"
+checksum = "6b2685dd208a3771337d8d386a89840f0f43cd68be8dae90a5f8c2384effc9cd"
 dependencies = [
- "toml_datetime",
- "toml_edit 0.20.2",
+ "toml_edit 0.21.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2085,18 +2085,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.70"
+version = "1.0.76"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39278fbbf5fb4f646ce651690877f89d1c5811a3d4acb27700c1cb3cdb78fd3b"
+checksum = "95fc56cda0b5c3325f5fbbd7ff9fda9e02bb00bb3dac51252d2f1bfa1cb8cc8c"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "profiling"
-version = "1.0.12"
+version = "1.0.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1de09527cd2ea2c2d59fb6c2f8c1ab8c71709ed9d1b6d60b0e1c9fbb6fdcb33c"
+checksum = "d135ede8821cf6376eb7a64148901e1690b788c11ae94dc297ae917dbc91dc0e"
 dependencies = [
  "profiling-procmacros",
  "tracy-client",
@@ -2104,12 +2104,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "profiling-procmacros"
-version = "1.0.12"
+version = "1.0.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d8f36e3c621a72254893ed5cc57d1a069162adb3f98bfef610788661db6ad8d"
+checksum = "4b322d7d65c1ab449be3c890fcbd0db6e1092d0dd05d79dba2dd28032cebeb05"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2160,9 +2160,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.33"
+version = "1.0.35"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5267fca4496028628a95160fc423a33e8b2e6af8a5302579e322e4b520293cae"
+checksum = "291ec9ab5efd934aaf503a6466c5d5251535d108ee747472c3977cc5acc868ef"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -2365,40 +2365,40 @@ checksum = "621e3680f3e07db4c9c2c3fb07c6223ab2fab2e54bd3c04c3ae037990f428c32"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.193"
+version = "1.0.195"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25dd9975e68d0cb5aa1120c288333fc98731bd1dd12f561e468ea4728c042b89"
+checksum = "63261df402c67811e9ac6def069e4786148c4563f4b50fd4bf30aa370d626b02"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.193"
+version = "1.0.195"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "43576ca501357b9b071ac53cdc7da8ef0cbd9493d8df094cd821777ea6e894d3"
+checksum = "46fe8f8603d81ba86327b23a2e9cdf49e1255fb94a4c5f297f6ee0547178ea2c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_repr"
-version = "0.1.17"
+version = "0.1.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3081f5ffbb02284dda55132aa26daecedd7372a42417bbbab6f14ab7d6bb9145"
+checksum = "0b2e6b945e9d3df726b65d6ee24060aff8e3533d431f677a9695db04eff9dfdb"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_spanned"
-version = "0.6.4"
+version = "0.6.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "12022b835073e5b11e90a14f86838ceb1c8fb0325b72416845c487ac0fa95e80"
+checksum = "eb3622f419d1296904700073ea6cc23ad690adbd66f13ea683df73298736f0c1"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
@@ -2462,7 +2462,7 @@ checksum = "4dccd0940a2dcdf68d092b8cbab7dc0ad8fa938bf95787e1b916b0e3d0e8e970"
 [[package]]
 name = "smithay"
 version = "0.3.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git#b15d29e596b629ec25474b67cc9ecb2f1729d6a2"
+source = "git+https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git#77686d70991d6aa86de2ed787a335ef1643132d8"
 dependencies = [
  "appendlist",
  "bitflags 2.4.1",
@@ -2481,7 +2481,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "input",
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
- "libloading 0.8.1",
+ "libloading",
  "libseat",
  "once_cell",
  "pkg-config",
@@ -2533,7 +2533,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "smithay-drm-extras"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git#b15d29e596b629ec25474b67cc9ecb2f1729d6a2"
+source = "git+https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git#77686d70991d6aa86de2ed787a335ef1643132d8"
 dependencies = [
  "drm",
  "edid-rs",
@@ -2566,9 +2566,9 @@ checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strsim"
-version = "0.10.0"
+version = "0.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "73473c0e59e6d5812c5dfe2a064a6444949f089e20eec9a2e5506596494e4623"
+checksum = "ccbca6f34534eb78dbee83f6b2c9442fea7113f43d9e80ea320f0972ae5dc08d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
@@ -2583,9 +2583,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.41"
+version = "2.0.48"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "44c8b28c477cc3bf0e7966561e3460130e1255f7a1cf71931075f1c5e7a7e269"
+checksum = "0f3531638e407dfc0814761abb7c00a5b54992b849452a0646b7f65c9f770f3f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2607,9 +2607,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "target-lexicon"
-version = "0.12.12"
+version = "0.12.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "14c39fd04924ca3a864207c66fc2cd7d22d7c016007f9ce846cbb9326331930a"
+checksum = "69758bda2e78f098e4ccb393021a0963bb3442eac05f135c30f61b7370bbafae"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tauri-winrt-notification"
@@ -2623,35 +2623,35 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.8.1"
+version = "3.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7ef1adac450ad7f4b3c28589471ade84f25f731a7a0fe30d71dfa9f60fd808e5"
+checksum = "01ce4141aa927a6d1bd34a041795abd0db1cccba5d5f24b009f694bdf3a1f3fa"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "fastrand 2.0.1",
  "redox_syscall 0.4.1",
  "rustix 0.38.28",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.51"
+version = "1.0.56"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f11c217e1416d6f036b870f14e0413d480dbf28edbee1f877abaf0206af43bb7"
+checksum = "d54378c645627613241d077a3a79db965db602882668f9136ac42af9ecb730ad"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.51"
+version = "1.0.56"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01742297787513b79cf8e29d1056ede1313e2420b7b3b15d0a768b4921f549df"
+checksum = "fa0faa943b50f3db30a20aa7e265dbc66076993efed8463e8de414e5d06d3471"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2699,21 +2699,21 @@ checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml"
-version = "0.8.2"
+version = "0.8.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "185d8ab0dfbb35cf1399a6344d8484209c088f75f8f68230da55d48d95d43e3d"
+checksum = "a1a195ec8c9da26928f773888e0742ca3ca1040c6cd859c919c9f59c1954ab35"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_spanned",
  "toml_datetime",
- "toml_edit 0.20.2",
+ "toml_edit 0.21.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_datetime"
-version = "0.6.3"
+version = "0.6.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7cda73e2f1397b1262d6dfdcef8aafae14d1de7748d66822d3bfeeb6d03e5e4b"
+checksum = "3550f4e9685620ac18a50ed434eb3aec30db8ba93b0287467bca5826ea25baf1"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
@@ -2731,9 +2731,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.20.2"
+version = "0.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "396e4d48bbb2b7554c944bde63101b5ae446cff6ec4a24227428f15eb72ef338"
+checksum = "d34d383cd00a163b4a5b85053df514d45bc330f6de7737edfe0a93311d1eaa03"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap",
  "serde",
@@ -2761,7 +2761,7 @@ checksum = "34704c8d6ebcbc939824180af020566b01a7c01f80641264eba0999f6c2b6be7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2805,9 +2805,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tracy-client"
-version = "0.16.4"
+version = "0.16.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "82da0d50d9df1106619b1e5b118f39de779f7d8b9c3504485b291cb16fabd20f"
+checksum = "307e6b7030112fe9640fdd87988a40795549ba75c355f59485d14e6b444d2987"
 dependencies = [
  "loom",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2816,9 +2816,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tracy-client-sys"
-version = "0.22.0"
+version = "0.22.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3db0b1cc1bb12a70457300d9affc07acb587390d971a796dac2f4d9bca8df776"
+checksum = "078c7ed72141b0e4369671a7f7af0eecffe18d753bf0296adca9c7add7276c9d"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
@@ -2989,7 +2989,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -3023,7 +3023,7 @@ checksum = "f0eb82fcb7930ae6219a7ecfd55b217f5f0893484b7a13022ebb2b2bf20b5283"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
@@ -3196,9 +3196,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-time"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "57099a701fb3a8043f993e8228dc24229c7b942e2b009a1b962e54489ba1d3bf"
+checksum = "aa30049b1c872b72c89866d458eae9f20380ab280ffd1b1e18df2d3e2d98cfe0"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -3229,15 +3229,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "winapi-wsapoll"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "44c17110f57155602a80dca10be03852116403c9ff3cd25b079d666f2aa3df6e"
-dependencies = [
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -3472,9 +3463,9 @@ checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winit"
-version = "0.29.4"
+version = "0.29.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d25d662bb83b511acd839534bb2d88521b0bbc81440969cb077d23c4db9e62c7"
+checksum = "c2376dab13e09c01ad8b679f0dbc7038af4ec43d9a91344338e37bd686481550"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "android-activity",
@@ -3519,9 +3510,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winnow"
-version = "0.5.30"
+version = "0.5.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b5c3db89721d50d0e2a673f5043fc4722f76dcc352d7b1ab8b8288bed4ed2c5"
+checksum = "b7520bbdec7211caa7c4e682eb1fbe07abe20cee6756b6e00f537c82c11816aa"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
@@ -3539,29 +3530,24 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "x11rb"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b1641b26d4dec61337c35a1b1aaf9e3cba8f46f0b43636c609ab0291a648040a"
+checksum = "f8f25ead8c7e4cba123243a6367da5d3990e0d3affa708ea19dce96356bd9f1a"
 dependencies = [
  "as-raw-xcb-connection",
  "gethostname",
  "libc",
- "libloading 0.7.4",
- "nix",
+ "libloading",
  "once_cell",
- "winapi",
- "winapi-wsapoll",
+ "rustix 0.38.28",
  "x11rb-protocol",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "x11rb-protocol"
-version = "0.12.0"
+version = "0.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "82d6c3f9a0fb6701fab8f6cea9b0c0bd5d6876f1f89f7fada07e558077c344bc"
-dependencies = [
- "nix",
-]
+checksum = "e63e71c4b8bd9ffec2c963173a4dc4cbde9ee96961d4fcb4429db9929b606c34"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "xcursor"
@@ -3683,22 +3669,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.7.31"
+version = "0.7.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1c4061bedbb353041c12f413700357bec76df2c7e2ca8e4df8bac24c6bf68e3d"
+checksum = "74d4d3961e53fa4c9a25a8637fc2bfaf2595b3d3ae34875568a5cf64787716be"
 dependencies = [
  "zerocopy-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.7.31"
+version = "0.7.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b3c129550b3e6de3fd0ba67ba5c81818f9805e58b8d7fee80a3a59d2c9fc601a"
+checksum = "9ce1b18ccd8e73a9321186f97e46f9f04b778851177567b1975109d26a08d2a6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.41",
+ "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
 [[package]]

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,48 +1,68 @@
-[package]
-name = "niri"
-version = "0.1.0-alpha.2"
+[workspace.package]
+version = "0.1.0-alpha.3"
 description = "A scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor"
 authors = ["Ivan Molodetskikh <yalterz@gmail.com>"]
 license = "GPL-3.0-or-later"
 edition = "2021"
+repository = "https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri"
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+bitflags = "2.4.1"
+directories = "5.0.1"
+tracing = { version = "0.1.40", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
+
+[workspace.dependencies.smithay]
+git = "https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git"
+# path = "../smithay"
+default-features = false
+
+[workspace.dependencies.smithay-drm-extras]
+git = "https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git"
+# path = "../smithay/smithay-drm-extras"
+
+[package]
+name = "niri"
+version.workspace = true
+description.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
 
 readme = "README.md"
-repository = "https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri"
 keywords = ["wayland", "compositor", "tiling", "smithay", "wm"]
 
 [dependencies]
-anyhow = { version = "1.0.75" }
+anyhow = { version = "1.0.79" }
 arrayvec = "0.7.4"
 async-channel = { version = "2.1.1", optional = true }
 async-io = { version = "1.13.0", optional = true }
 bitflags = "2.4.1"
-clap = { version = "4.4.11", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "4.4.13", features = ["derive"] }
 directories = "5.0.1"
 git-version = "0.3.9"
 keyframe = { version = "1.1.1", default-features = false }
-knuffel = "3.2.0"
 libc = "0.2.151"
 logind-zbus = { version = "3.1.2", optional = true }
 log = { version = "0.4.20", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
-miette = "5.10.0"
+niri-config = { version = "0.1.0-alpha.3", path = "niri-config" }
 notify-rust = { version = "4.10.0", optional = true }
 pipewire = { version = "0.7.2", optional = true }
 png = "0.17.10"
 portable-atomic = { version = "1.6.0", default-features = false, features = ["float"] }
-profiling = "1.0.12"
+profiling = "1.0.13"
 sd-notify = "0.4.1"
-serde = { version = "1.0.193", features = ["derive"] }
+smithay-drm-extras.workspace = true
+serde = { version = "1.0.195", features = ["derive"] }
 tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
-tracing = { version = "0.1.40", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
-tracy-client = { version = "0.16.4", default-features = false }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracy-client = { version = "0.16.5", default-features = false }
 url = { version = "2.5.0", optional = true }
 xcursor = "0.3.5"
 zbus = { version = "3.14.1", optional = true }
 
 [dependencies.smithay]
-git = "https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git"
-# path = "../smithay"
-default-features = false
+workspace = true
 features = [
     "backend_drm",
     "backend_egl",
@@ -58,10 +78,6 @@ features = [
     "wayland_frontend",
 ]
 
-[dependencies.smithay-drm-extras]
-git = "https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git"
-# path = "../smithay/smithay-drm-extras"
-
 [dev-dependencies]
 proptest = "1.4.0"
 proptest-derive = "0.4.0"
@@ -80,8 +96,12 @@ debug = "line-tables-only"
 overflow-checks = true
 lto = "thin"
 
+[profile.release.package.niri-config]
+# knuffel with chomsky generates a metric ton of debuginfo.
+debug = false
+
 [package.metadata.generate-rpm]
-version = "0.1.0~alpha.2"
+version = "0.1.0~alpha.3"
 assets = [
     { source = "target/release/niri", dest = "/usr/bin/", mode = "755" },
     { source = "resources/niri-session", dest = "/usr/bin/", mode = "755" },

README.md

@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ When a monitor disconnects, its workspaces will move to another monitor, but upo
 
 ## Building
 
-For Fedora users, there's a COPR with built and packaged niri: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/yalter/niri/
+> [!TIP]
+> For Fedora users, there's a COPR with built and packaged niri: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/yalter/niri/
+>
+> NixOS users, check out https://github.com/sodiboo/niri-flake
 
 First, install the dependencies for your distribution.
 
@@ -91,6 +94,10 @@ A step-by-step process for this is explained [on the wiki](https://github.com/Ya
 Niri also works with some parts of xdg-desktop-portal-gnome.
 In particular, it supports file choosers and monitor screencasting (e.g. to [OBS]).
 
+### Xwayland
+
+See [the wiki page](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Xwayland) to learn how to use Xwayland with niri.
+
 ## Default Hotkeys
 
 When running on a TTY, the Mod key is <kbd>Super</kbd>.
@@ -112,6 +119,8 @@ The general system is: if a hotkey switches somewhere, then adding <kbd>Ctrl</kb
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>L</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>→</kbd> | Move the focused column to the right |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>J</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>↓</kbd> | Move the focused window below in a column |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>K</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>↑</kbd> | Move the focused window above in a column |
+| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Home</kbd> and <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>End</kbd> | Focus the first or the last column |
+| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>Home</kbd> and <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>End</kbd> | Move the focused column to the very start or to the very end |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>H</kbd><kbd>J</kbd><kbd>K</kbd><kbd>L</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>←</kbd><kbd>↓</kbd><kbd>↑</kbd><kbd>→</kbd> | Focus the monitor to the side |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>H</kbd><kbd>J</kbd><kbd>K</kbd><kbd>L</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>←</kbd><kbd>↓</kbd><kbd>↑</kbd><kbd>→</kbd> | Move the focused window to the monitor to the side |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>U</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>PageDown</kbd> | Switch to the workspace below |

niri-config/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+name = "niri-config"
+version.workspace = true
+description.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+bitflags.workspace = true
+directories.workspace = true
+knuffel = "3.2.0"
+miette = "5.10.0"
+smithay.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true

niri-config/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate tracing;
+
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 use directories::ProjectDirs;
-use miette::{miette, Context, IntoDiagnostic};
+use miette::{miette, Context, IntoDiagnostic, NarratableReportHandler};
 use smithay::input::keyboard::keysyms::KEY_NoSymbol;
 use smithay::input::keyboard::xkb::{keysym_from_name, KEYSYM_CASE_INSENSITIVE};
 use smithay::input::keyboard::{Keysym, XkbConfig};
@@ -17,19 +20,11 @@ pub struct Config {
     #[knuffel(children(name = "spawn-at-startup"))]
     pub spawn_at_startup: Vec<SpawnAtStartup>,
     #[knuffel(child, default)]
-    pub focus_ring: FocusRing,
+    pub layout: Layout,
     #[knuffel(child, default)]
     pub prefer_no_csd: bool,
     #[knuffel(child, default)]
     pub cursor: Cursor,
-    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(children), default)]
-    pub preset_column_widths: Vec<PresetWidth>,
-    #[knuffel(child)]
-    pub default_column_width: Option<DefaultColumnWidth>,
-    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default = 16)]
-    pub gaps: u16,
-    #[knuffel(child, default)]
-    pub struts: Struts,
     #[knuffel(
         child,
         unwrap(argument),
@@ -53,6 +48,8 @@ pub struct Input {
     pub touchpad: Touchpad,
     #[knuffel(child, default)]
     pub tablet: Tablet,
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub disable_power_key_handling: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -161,6 +158,22 @@ pub struct Mode {
     pub refresh: Option<f64>,
 }
 
+#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Layout {
+    #[knuffel(child, default)]
+    pub focus_ring: FocusRing,
+    #[knuffel(child, default = default_border())]
+    pub border: FocusRing,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(children), default)]
+    pub preset_column_widths: Vec<PresetWidth>,
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub default_column_width: Option<DefaultColumnWidth>,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default = 16)]
+    pub gaps: u16,
+    #[knuffel(child, default)]
+    pub struts: Struts,
+}
+
 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SpawnAtStartup {
     #[knuffel(arguments)]
@@ -190,6 +203,15 @@ impl Default for FocusRing {
     }
 }
 
+pub const fn default_border() -> FocusRing {
+    FocusRing {
+        off: true,
+        width: 4,
+        active_color: Color::new(255, 200, 127, 255),
+        inactive_color: Color::new(80, 80, 80, 255),
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct Color {
     #[knuffel(argument)]
@@ -203,7 +225,7 @@ pub struct Color {
 }
 
 impl Color {
-    pub fn new(r: u8, g: u8, b: u8, a: u8) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(r: u8, g: u8, b: u8, a: u8) -> Self {
         Self { r, g, b, a }
     }
 }
@@ -300,12 +322,16 @@ pub enum Action {
     FullscreenWindow,
     FocusColumnLeft,
     FocusColumnRight,
+    FocusColumnFirst,
+    FocusColumnLast,
     FocusWindowDown,
     FocusWindowUp,
     FocusWindowOrWorkspaceDown,
     FocusWindowOrWorkspaceUp,
     MoveColumnLeft,
     MoveColumnRight,
+    MoveColumnToFirst,
+    MoveColumnToLast,
     MoveWindowDown,
     MoveWindowUp,
     MoveWindowDownOrToWorkspaceDown,
@@ -362,6 +388,10 @@ pub struct DebugConfig {
     pub enable_color_transformations_capability: bool,
     #[knuffel(child)]
     pub enable_overlay_planes: bool,
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub disable_cursor_plane: bool,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument))]
+    pub render_drm_device: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
 impl Default for DebugConfig {
@@ -372,12 +402,18 @@ impl Default for DebugConfig {
             wait_for_frame_completion_before_queueing: false,
             enable_color_transformations_capability: false,
             enable_overlay_planes: false,
+            disable_cursor_plane: false,
+            render_drm_device: None,
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl Config {
     pub fn load(path: Option<PathBuf>) -> miette::Result<(Self, PathBuf)> {
+        Self::load_internal(path).context("error loading config")
+    }
+
+    fn load_internal(path: Option<PathBuf>) -> miette::Result<(Self, PathBuf)> {
         let path = if let Some(path) = path {
             path
         } else {
@@ -407,7 +443,7 @@ impl Default for Config {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Config::parse(
             "default-config.kdl",
-            include_str!("../resources/default-config.kdl"),
+            include_str!("../../resources/default-config.kdl"),
         )
         .unwrap()
     }
@@ -535,6 +571,10 @@ impl FromStr for SizeChange {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn set_miette_hook() -> Result<(), miette::InstallError> {
+    miette::set_hook(Box::new(|_| Box::new(NarratableReportHandler::new())))
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use miette::NarratableReportHandler;
@@ -574,6 +614,8 @@ mod tests {
                 tablet {
                     map-to-output "eDP-1"
                 }
+
+                disable-power-key-handling
             }
 
             output "eDP-1" {
@@ -582,14 +624,39 @@ mod tests {
                 mode "1920x1080@144"
             }
 
-            spawn-at-startup "alacritty" "-e" "fish"
+            layout {
+                focus-ring {
+                    width 5
+                    active-color 0 100 200 255
+                    inactive-color 255 200 100 0
+                }
 
-            focus-ring {
-                width 5
-                active-color 0 100 200 255
-                inactive-color 255 200 100 0
+                border {
+                    width 3
+                    active-color 0 100 200 255
+                    inactive-color 255 200 100 0
+                }
+
+                preset-column-widths {
+                    proportion 0.25
+                    proportion 0.5
+                    fixed 960
+                    fixed 1280
+                }
+
+                default-column-width { proportion 0.25; }
+
+                gaps 8
+
+                struts {
+                    left 1
+                    right 2
+                    top 3
+                }
             }
 
+            spawn-at-startup "alacritty" "-e" "fish"
+
             prefer-no-csd
 
             cursor {
@@ -597,23 +664,6 @@ mod tests {
                 xcursor-size 16
             }
 
-            preset-column-widths {
-                proportion 0.25
-                proportion 0.5
-                fixed 960
-                fixed 1280
-            }
-
-            default-column-width { proportion 0.25; }
-
-            gaps 8
-
-            struts {
-                left 1
-                right 2
-                top 3
-            }
-
             screenshot-path "~/Screenshots/screenshot.png"
 
             binds {
@@ -627,6 +677,7 @@ mod tests {
 
             debug {
                 animation-slowdown 2.0
+                render-drm-device "/dev/dri/renderD129"
             }
             "#,
             Config {
@@ -649,6 +700,7 @@ mod tests {
                     tablet: Tablet {
                         map_to_output: Some("eDP-1".to_owned()),
                     },
+                    disable_power_key_handling: true,
                 },
                 outputs: vec![Output {
                     off: false,
@@ -661,44 +713,64 @@ mod tests {
                         refresh: Some(144.),
                     }),
                 }],
+                layout: Layout {
+                    focus_ring: FocusRing {
+                        off: false,
+                        width: 5,
+                        active_color: Color {
+                            r: 0,
+                            g: 100,
+                            b: 200,
+                            a: 255,
+                        },
+                        inactive_color: Color {
+                            r: 255,
+                            g: 200,
+                            b: 100,
+                            a: 0,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    border: FocusRing {
+                        off: false,
+                        width: 3,
+                        active_color: Color {
+                            r: 0,
+                            g: 100,
+                            b: 200,
+                            a: 255,
+                        },
+                        inactive_color: Color {
+                            r: 255,
+                            g: 200,
+                            b: 100,
+                            a: 0,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    preset_column_widths: vec![
+                        PresetWidth::Proportion(0.25),
+                        PresetWidth::Proportion(0.5),
+                        PresetWidth::Fixed(960),
+                        PresetWidth::Fixed(1280),
+                    ],
+                    default_column_width: Some(DefaultColumnWidth(vec![PresetWidth::Proportion(
+                        0.25,
+                    )])),
+                    gaps: 8,
+                    struts: Struts {
+                        left: 1,
+                        right: 2,
+                        top: 3,
+                        bottom: 0,
+                    },
+                },
                 spawn_at_startup: vec![SpawnAtStartup {
                     command: vec!["alacritty".to_owned(), "-e".to_owned(), "fish".to_owned()],
                 }],
-                focus_ring: FocusRing {
-                    off: false,
-                    width: 5,
-                    active_color: Color {
-                        r: 0,
-                        g: 100,
-                        b: 200,
-                        a: 255,
-                    },
-                    inactive_color: Color {
-                        r: 255,
-                        g: 200,
-                        b: 100,
-                        a: 0,
-                    },
-                },
                 prefer_no_csd: true,
                 cursor: Cursor {
                     xcursor_theme: String::from("breeze_cursors"),
                     xcursor_size: 16,
                 },
-                preset_column_widths: vec![
-                    PresetWidth::Proportion(0.25),
-                    PresetWidth::Proportion(0.5),
-                    PresetWidth::Fixed(960),
-                    PresetWidth::Fixed(1280),
-                ],
-                default_column_width: Some(DefaultColumnWidth(vec![PresetWidth::Proportion(0.25)])),
-                gaps: 8,
-                struts: Struts {
-                    left: 1,
-                    right: 2,
-                    top: 3,
-                    bottom: 0,
-                },
                 screenshot_path: Some(String::from("~/Screenshots/screenshot.png")),
                 binds: Binds(vec![
                     Bind {
@@ -746,6 +818,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ]),
                 debug: DebugConfig {
                     animation_slowdown: 2.,
+                    render_drm_device: Some(PathBuf::from("/dev/dri/renderD129")),
                     ..Default::default()
                 },
             },

resources/default-config.kdl

@@ -37,6 +37,12 @@ input {
         // existing outputs.
         map-to-output "eDP-1"
     }
+
+    // By default, niri will take over the power button to make it sleep
+    // instead of power off.
+    // Uncomment this if you would like to configure the power button elsewhere
+    // (i.e. logind.conf).
+    // disable-power-key-handling
 }
 
 // You can configure outputs by their name, which you can find with wayland-info(1).
@@ -69,26 +75,72 @@ input {
     position x=1280 y=0
 }
 
+layout {
+    // You can change how the focus ring looks.
+    focus-ring {
+        // Uncomment this line to disable the focus ring.
+        // off
+
+        // How many logical pixels the ring extends out from the windows.
+        width 4
+
+        // Color of the ring on the active monitor: red, green, blue, alpha.
+        active-color 127 200 255 255
+
+        // Color of the ring on inactive monitors: red, green, blue, alpha.
+        inactive-color 80 80 80 255
+    }
+
+    // You can also add a border. It's similar to the focus ring, but always visible.
+    border {
+        // The settings are the same as for the focus ring.
+        // If you enable the border, you probably want to disable the focus ring.
+        off
+
+        width 4
+        active-color 255 200 127 255
+        inactive-color 80 80 80 255
+    }
+
+    // You can customize the widths that "switch-preset-column-width" (Mod+R) toggles between.
+    preset-column-widths {
+        // Proportion sets the width as a fraction of the output width, taking gaps into account.
+        // For example, you can perfectly fit four windows sized "proportion 0.25" on an output.
+        // The default preset widths are 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 of the output.
+        proportion 0.333
+        proportion 0.5
+        proportion 0.667
+
+        // Fixed sets the width in logical pixels exactly.
+        // fixed 1920
+    }
+
+    // You can change the default width of the new windows.
+    default-column-width { proportion 0.5; }
+    // If you leave the brackets empty, the windows themselves will decide their initial width.
+    // default-column-width {}
+
+    // Set gaps around windows in logical pixels.
+    gaps 16
+
+    // Struts shrink the area occupied by windows, similarly to layer-shell panels.
+    // You can think of them as a kind of outer gaps. They are set in logical pixels.
+    // Left and right struts will cause the next window to the side to always be visible.
+    // Top and bottom struts will simply add outer gaps in addition to the area occupied by
+    // layer-shell panels and regular gaps.
+    struts {
+        // left 64
+        // right 64
+        // top 64
+        // bottom 64
+    }
+}
+
 // Add lines like this to spawn processes at startup.
 // Note that running niri as a session supports xdg-desktop-autostart,
 // which may be more convenient to use.
 // spawn-at-startup "alacritty" "-e" "fish"
 
-// You can change how the focus ring looks.
-focus-ring {
-    // Uncomment this line to disable the focus ring.
-    // off
-
-    // How many logical pixels the ring extends out from the windows.
-    width 4
-
-    // Color of the ring on the active monitor: red, green, blue, alpha.
-    active-color 127 200 255 255
-
-    // Color of the ring on inactive monitors: red, green, blue, alpha.
-    inactive-color 80 80 80 255
-}
-
 cursor {
     // Change the theme and size of the cursor as well as set the
     // `XCURSOR_THEME` and `XCURSOR_SIZE` env variables.
@@ -101,39 +153,6 @@ cursor {
 // Additionally, clients will be informed that they are tiled, removing some rounded corners.
 // prefer-no-csd
 
-// You can customize the widths that "switch-preset-column-width" (Mod+R) toggles between.
-preset-column-widths {
-    // Proportion sets the width as a fraction of the output width, taking gaps into account.
-    // For example, you can perfectly fit four windows sized "proportion 0.25" on an output.
-    // The default preset widths are 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 of the output.
-    proportion 0.333
-    proportion 0.5
-    proportion 0.667
-
-    // Fixed sets the width in logical pixels exactly.
-    // fixed 1920
-}
-
-// You can change the default width of the new windows.
-default-column-width { proportion 0.5; }
-// If you leave the brackets empty, the windows themselves will decide their initial width.
-// default-column-width {}
-
-// Set gaps around windows in logical pixels.
-gaps 16
-
-// Struts shrink the area occupied by windows, similarly to layer-shell panels.
-// You can think of them as a kind of outer gaps. They are set in logical pixels.
-// Left and right struts will cause the next window to the side to always be visible.
-// Top and bottom struts will simply add outer gaps in addition to the area occupied by
-// layer-shell panels and regular gaps.
-struts {
-    // left 64
-    // right 64
-    // top 64
-    // bottom 64
-}
-
 // You can change the path where screenshots are saved.
 // A ~ at the front will be expanded to the home directory.
 // The path is formatted with strftime(3) to give you the screenshot date and time.
@@ -186,6 +205,11 @@ binds {
     // Mod+Ctrl+J     { move-window-down-or-to-workspace-down; }
     // Mod+Ctrl+K     { move-window-up-or-to-workspace-up; }
 
+    Mod+Home { focus-column-first; }
+    Mod+End  { focus-column-last; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+Home { move-column-to-first; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+End  { move-column-to-last; }
+
     Mod+Shift+H     { focus-monitor-left; }
     Mod+Shift+J     { focus-monitor-down; }
     Mod+Shift+K     { focus-monitor-up; }

src/backend/mod.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
 use smithay::output::Output;
+use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 
 use crate::input::CompositorMod;
-use crate::niri::OutputRenderElements;
 use crate::Niri;
 
 pub mod tty;
@@ -26,8 +27,8 @@ pub enum RenderResult {
     Submitted,
     /// Rendering succeeded, but there was no damage.
     NoDamage,
-    /// An error has occurred, the frame was not submitted.
-    Error,
+    /// The frame was not rendered and submitted, due to an error or otherwise.
+    Skipped,
 }
 
 impl Backend {
@@ -45,10 +46,13 @@ impl Backend {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn renderer(&mut self) -> Option<&mut GlesRenderer> {
+    pub fn with_primary_renderer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut GlesRenderer) -> T,
+    ) -> Option<T> {
         match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.renderer(),
-            Backend::Winit(winit) => Some(winit.renderer()),
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.with_primary_renderer(f),
+            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.with_primary_renderer(f),
         }
     }
 
@@ -56,12 +60,11 @@ impl Backend {
         &mut self,
         niri: &mut Niri,
         output: &Output,
-        elements: &[OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer>],
         target_presentation_time: Duration,
     ) -> RenderResult {
         match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.render(niri, output, elements, target_presentation_time),
-            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.render(niri, output, elements),
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.render(niri, output, target_presentation_time),
+            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.render(niri, output),
         }
     }
 
@@ -93,6 +96,20 @@ impl Backend {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn import_dmabuf(&mut self, dmabuf: &Dmabuf) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        match self {
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.import_dmabuf(dmabuf),
+            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.import_dmabuf(dmabuf),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn early_import(&mut self, surface: &WlSurface) {
+        match self {
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.early_import(surface),
+            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "dbus"), allow(unused))]
     pub fn connectors(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>> {
         match self {
@@ -107,18 +124,11 @@ impl Backend {
     ) -> Option<smithay::backend::allocator::gbm::GbmDevice<smithay::backend::drm::DrmDeviceFd>>
     {
         match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.gbm_device(),
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.primary_gbm_device(),
             Backend::Winit(_) => None,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn is_active(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.is_active(),
-            Backend::Winit(_) => true,
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn set_monitors_active(&self, active: bool) {
         match self {
             Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.set_monitors_active(active),

src/backend/winit.rs

@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::time::Duration;
 
+use niri_config::Config;
+use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::damage::OutputDamageTracker;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::backend::renderer::{DebugFlags, Renderer};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::{DebugFlags, ImportDma, ImportEgl, Renderer};
 use smithay::backend::winit::{self, WinitEvent, WinitGraphicsBackend};
 use smithay::output::{Mode, Output, PhysicalProperties, Scale, Subpixel};
 use smithay::reexports::calloop::LoopHandle;
@@ -17,8 +19,7 @@ use smithay::reexports::winit::window::WindowBuilder;
 use smithay::utils::Transform;
 
 use super::RenderResult;
-use crate::config::Config;
-use crate::niri::{OutputRenderElements, RedrawState, State};
+use crate::niri::{RedrawState, State};
 use crate::utils::get_monotonic_time;
 use crate::Niri;
 
@@ -113,17 +114,14 @@ impl Winit {
     }
 
     pub fn init(&mut self, niri: &mut Niri) {
-        // For some reason, binding the display here causes damage tracker artifacts.
-        //
-        // use smithay::backend::renderer::ImportEgl;
-        //
-        // if let Err(err) = self
-        //     .backend
-        //     .renderer()
-        //     .bind_wl_display(&niri.display_handle)
-        // {
-        //     warn!("error binding renderer wl_display: {err}");
-        // }
+        if let Err(err) = self
+            .backend
+            .renderer()
+            .bind_wl_display(&niri.display_handle)
+        {
+            warn!("error binding renderer wl_display: {err}");
+        }
+
         niri.add_output(self.output.clone(), None);
     }
 
@@ -131,23 +129,25 @@ impl Winit {
         "winit".to_owned()
     }
 
-    pub fn renderer(&mut self) -> &mut GlesRenderer {
-        self.backend.renderer()
+    pub fn with_primary_renderer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut GlesRenderer) -> T,
+    ) -> Option<T> {
+        Some(f(self.backend.renderer()))
     }
 
-    pub fn render(
-        &mut self,
-        niri: &mut Niri,
-        output: &Output,
-        elements: &[OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer>],
-    ) -> RenderResult {
+    pub fn render(&mut self, niri: &mut Niri, output: &Output) -> RenderResult {
         let _span = tracy_client::span!("Winit::render");
 
+        // Render the elements.
+        let elements = niri.render::<GlesRenderer>(self.backend.renderer(), output, true);
+
+        // Hand them over to winit.
         self.backend.bind().unwrap();
         let age = self.backend.buffer_age().unwrap();
         let res = self
             .damage_tracker
-            .render_output(self.backend.renderer(), age, elements, [0.; 4])
+            .render_output(self.backend.renderer(), age, &elements, [0.; 4])
             .unwrap();
 
         niri.update_primary_scanout_output(output, &res.states);
@@ -202,6 +202,16 @@ impl Winit {
         renderer.set_debug_flags(renderer.debug_flags() ^ DebugFlags::TINT);
     }
 
+    pub fn import_dmabuf(&mut self, dmabuf: &Dmabuf) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        match self.backend.renderer().import_dmabuf(dmabuf, None) {
+            Ok(_texture) => Ok(()),
+            Err(err) => {
+                debug!("error importing dmabuf: {err:?}");
+                Err(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn connectors(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>> {
         self.connectors.clone()
     }

src/handlers/compositor.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use smithay::{delegate_compositor, delegate_shm};
 
 use super::xdg_shell;
 use crate::niri::{ClientState, State};
+use crate::utils::clone2;
 
 impl CompositorHandler for State {
     fn compositor_state(&mut self) -> &mut CompositorState {
@@ -81,6 +82,7 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
         let _span = tracy_client::span!("CompositorHandler::commit");
 
         on_commit_buffer_handler::<Self>(surface);
+        self.backend.early_import(surface);
 
         if is_sync_subsurface(surface) {
             return;
@@ -116,8 +118,9 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
             }
 
             // This is a commit of a previously-mapped root or a non-toplevel root.
-            if let Some((window, output)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(surface) {
-                // This is a commit of a previously-mapped toplevel.
+            if let Some(win_out) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(surface) {
+                let (window, output) = clone2(win_out);
+
                 window.on_commit();
 
                 // This is a commit of a previously-mapped toplevel.
@@ -147,7 +150,7 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
 
         // This is a commit of a non-root or a non-toplevel root.
         let root_window_output = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root_surface);
-        if let Some((window, output)) = root_window_output {
+        if let Some((window, output)) = root_window_output.map(clone2) {
             window.on_commit();
             self.niri.layout.update_window(&window);
             self.niri.queue_redraw(output);
@@ -158,7 +161,7 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
         self.popups_handle_commit(surface);
         if let Some(popup) = self.niri.popups.find_popup(surface) {
             if let Some(output) = self.output_for_popup(&popup) {
-                self.niri.queue_redraw(output);
+                self.niri.queue_redraw(output.clone());
             }
         }
 

src/handlers/mod.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::thread;
 
 use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
-use smithay::backend::renderer::ImportDma;
 use smithay::desktop::{PopupKind, PopupManager};
 use smithay::input::pointer::{CursorIcon, CursorImageStatus, PointerHandle};
 use smithay::input::{Seat, SeatHandler, SeatState};
@@ -43,8 +42,8 @@ use smithay::{
     delegate_text_input_manager, delegate_virtual_keyboard_manager,
 };
 
-use crate::layout::output_size;
 use crate::niri::State;
+use crate::utils::output_size;
 
 impl SeatHandler for State {
     type KeyboardFocus = WlSurface;
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@ delegate_presentation!(State);
 
 impl DmabufHandler for State {
     fn dmabuf_state(&mut self) -> &mut DmabufState {
-        self.backend.tty().dmabuf_state()
+        &mut self.niri.dmabuf_state
     }
 
     fn dmabuf_imported(
@@ -202,15 +201,11 @@ impl DmabufHandler for State {
         dmabuf: Dmabuf,
         notifier: ImportNotifier,
     ) {
-        let renderer = self.backend.renderer().expect(
-            "the dmabuf global must be created and destroyed together with the output device",
-        );
-        match renderer.import_dmabuf(&dmabuf, None) {
-            Ok(_texture) => {
+        match self.backend.import_dmabuf(&dmabuf) {
+            Ok(_) => {
                 let _ = notifier.successful::<State>();
             }
-            Err(err) => {
-                debug!("error importing dmabuf: {err:?}");
+            Err(_) => {
                 notifier.failed();
             }
         }

src/handlers/xdg_shell.rs

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use smithay::wayland::shell::xdg::{
 use smithay::{delegate_kde_decoration, delegate_xdg_decoration, delegate_xdg_shell};
 
 use crate::niri::State;
+use crate::utils::clone2;
 
 impl XdgShellHandler for State {
     fn xdg_shell_state(&mut self) -> &mut XdgShellState {
@@ -123,8 +124,10 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
                 .layout
                 .find_window_and_output(surface.wl_surface())
             {
+                let window = window.clone();
+
                 if let Some(requested_output) = wl_output.as_ref().and_then(Output::from_resource) {
-                    if requested_output != current_output {
+                    if &requested_output != current_output {
                         self.niri
                             .layout
                             .move_window_to_output(window.clone(), &requested_output);
@@ -146,6 +149,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
             .layout
             .find_window_and_output(surface.wl_surface())
         {
+            let window = window.clone();
             self.niri.layout.set_fullscreen(&window, false);
         }
     }
@@ -166,7 +170,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
             .layout
             .find_window_and_output(surface.wl_surface());
 
-        let Some((window, output)) = win_out else {
+        let Some((window, output)) = win_out.map(clone2) else {
             // I have no idea how this can happen, but I saw it happen once, in a weird interaction
             // involving laptop going to sleep and resuming.
             error!("toplevel missing from both unmapped_windows and layout");
@@ -179,7 +183,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
 
     fn popup_destroyed(&mut self, surface: PopupSurface) {
         if let Some(output) = self.output_for_popup(&PopupKind::Xdg(surface)) {
-            self.niri.queue_redraw(output);
+            self.niri.queue_redraw(output.clone());
         }
     }
 }
@@ -189,16 +193,25 @@ delegate_xdg_shell!(State);
 impl XdgDecorationHandler for State {
     fn new_decoration(&mut self, toplevel: ToplevelSurface) {
         let mode = if self.niri.config.borrow().prefer_no_csd {
-            Some(zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ServerSide)
+            zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ServerSide
         } else {
-            None
+            zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ClientSide
         };
         toplevel.with_pending_state(|state| {
-            state.decoration_mode = mode;
+            state.decoration_mode = Some(mode);
         });
     }
 
-    fn request_mode(&mut self, toplevel: ToplevelSurface, mode: zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode) {
+    fn request_mode(
+        &mut self,
+        toplevel: ToplevelSurface,
+        mut mode: zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode,
+    ) {
+        // If prefer-no-csd is unset, then insist on CSD.
+        if !self.niri.config.borrow().prefer_no_csd {
+            mode = zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ClientSide;
+        }
+
         toplevel.with_pending_state(|state| {
             state.decoration_mode = Some(mode);
         });
@@ -211,12 +224,12 @@ impl XdgDecorationHandler for State {
 
     fn unset_mode(&mut self, toplevel: ToplevelSurface) {
         let mode = if self.niri.config.borrow().prefer_no_csd {
-            Some(zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ServerSide)
+            zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ServerSide
         } else {
-            None
+            zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ClientSide
         };
         toplevel.with_pending_state(|state| {
-            state.decoration_mode = mode;
+            state.decoration_mode = Some(mode);
         });
 
         // Only send configure if it's non-initial.
@@ -288,7 +301,7 @@ impl State {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn output_for_popup(&self, popup: &PopupKind) -> Option<Output> {
+    pub fn output_for_popup(&self, popup: &PopupKind) -> Option<&Output> {
         let root = find_popup_root_surface(popup).ok()?;
         self.niri.output_for_root(&root)
     }
@@ -304,7 +317,7 @@ impl State {
 
         // Figure out if the root is a window or a layer surface.
         if let Some((window, output)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root) {
-            self.unconstrain_window_popup(popup, &window, &output);
+            self.unconstrain_window_popup(popup, window, output);
         } else if let Some((layer_surface, output)) = self.niri.layout.outputs().find_map(|o| {
             let map = layer_map_for_output(o);
             let layer_surface = map.layer_for_surface(&root, WindowSurfaceType::TOPLEVEL)?;

src/input.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
+use niri_config::{Action, Binds, LayoutAction, Modifiers};
 use smithay::backend::input::{
     AbsolutePositionEvent, Axis, AxisSource, ButtonState, Device, DeviceCapability, Event,
     GestureBeginEvent, GestureEndEvent, GesturePinchUpdateEvent as _, GestureSwipeUpdateEvent as _,
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@ use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, SERIAL_COUNTER};
 use smithay::wayland::pointer_constraints::{with_pointer_constraint, PointerConstraint};
 use smithay::wayland::tablet_manager::{TabletDescriptor, TabletSeatTrait};
 
-use crate::config::{Action, Binds, LayoutAction, Modifiers};
 use crate::niri::State;
 use crate::screenshot_ui::ScreenshotUi;
 use crate::utils::{center, get_monotonic_time, spawn};
@@ -209,6 +209,7 @@ impl State {
                     pressed,
                     *mods,
                     &this.niri.screenshot_ui,
+                    this.niri.config.borrow().input.disable_power_key_handling,
                 )
             },
         ) else {
@@ -244,6 +245,7 @@ impl State {
             }
             Action::ToggleDebugTint => {
                 self.backend.toggle_debug_tint();
+                self.niri.queue_redraw_all();
             }
             Action::Spawn(command) => {
                 spawn(command);
@@ -251,15 +253,15 @@ impl State {
             Action::ScreenshotScreen => {
                 let active = self.niri.layout.active_output().cloned();
                 if let Some(active) = active {
-                    if let Some(renderer) = self.backend.renderer() {
+                    self.backend.with_primary_renderer(|renderer| {
                         if let Err(err) = self.niri.screenshot(renderer, &active) {
                             warn!("error taking screenshot: {err:?}");
                         }
-                    }
+                    });
                 }
             }
             Action::ConfirmScreenshot => {
-                if let Some(renderer) = self.backend.renderer() {
+                self.backend.with_primary_renderer(|renderer| {
                     match self.niri.screenshot_ui.capture(renderer) {
                         Ok((size, pixels)) => {
                             if let Err(err) = self.niri.save_screenshot(size, pixels) {
@@ -270,7 +272,7 @@ impl State {
                             warn!("error capturing screenshot: {err:?}");
                         }
                     }
-                }
+                });
 
                 self.niri.screenshot_ui.close();
                 self.niri
@@ -286,18 +288,18 @@ impl State {
                 self.niri.queue_redraw_all();
             }
             Action::Screenshot => {
-                if let Some(renderer) = self.backend.renderer() {
+                self.backend.with_primary_renderer(|renderer| {
                     self.niri.open_screenshot_ui(renderer);
-                }
+                });
             }
             Action::ScreenshotWindow => {
                 let active = self.niri.layout.active_window();
                 if let Some((window, output)) = active {
-                    if let Some(renderer) = self.backend.renderer() {
-                        if let Err(err) = self.niri.screenshot_window(renderer, &output, &window) {
+                    self.backend.with_primary_renderer(|renderer| {
+                        if let Err(err) = self.niri.screenshot_window(renderer, output, window) {
                             warn!("error taking screenshot: {err:?}");
                         }
-                    }
+                    });
                 }
             }
             Action::CloseWindow => {
@@ -330,6 +332,16 @@ impl State {
                 // FIXME: granular
                 self.niri.queue_redraw_all();
             }
+            Action::MoveColumnToFirst => {
+                self.niri.layout.move_column_to_first();
+                // FIXME: granular
+                self.niri.queue_redraw_all();
+            }
+            Action::MoveColumnToLast => {
+                self.niri.layout.move_column_to_last();
+                // FIXME: granular
+                self.niri.queue_redraw_all();
+            }
             Action::MoveWindowDown => {
                 self.niri.layout.move_down();
                 // FIXME: granular
@@ -356,6 +368,12 @@ impl State {
             Action::FocusColumnRight => {
                 self.niri.layout.focus_right();
             }
+            Action::FocusColumnFirst => {
+                self.niri.layout.focus_column_first();
+            }
+            Action::FocusColumnLast => {
+                self.niri.layout.focus_column_last();
+            }
             Action::FocusWindowDown => {
                 self.niri.layout.focus_down();
             }
@@ -800,12 +818,16 @@ impl State {
 
         let mut frame = AxisFrame::new(event.time_msec()).source(source);
         if horizontal_amount != 0.0 {
+            frame = frame
+                .relative_direction(Axis::Horizontal, event.relative_direction(Axis::Horizontal));
             frame = frame.value(Axis::Horizontal, horizontal_amount);
             if let Some(discrete) = horizontal_amount_discrete {
                 frame = frame.v120(Axis::Horizontal, discrete as i32);
             }
         }
         if vertical_amount != 0.0 {
+            frame =
+                frame.relative_direction(Axis::Vertical, event.relative_direction(Axis::Vertical));
             frame = frame.value(Axis::Vertical, vertical_amount);
             if let Some(discrete) = vertical_amount_discrete {
                 frame = frame.v120(Axis::Vertical, discrete as i32);
@@ -1165,6 +1187,7 @@ fn should_intercept_key(
     pressed: bool,
     mods: ModifiersState,
     screenshot_ui: &ScreenshotUi,
+    disable_power_key_handling: bool,
 ) -> FilterResult<Option<Action>> {
     // Actions are only triggered on presses, release of the key
     // shouldn't try to intercept anything unless we have marked
@@ -1173,7 +1196,14 @@ fn should_intercept_key(
         return FilterResult::Forward;
     }
 
-    let mut final_action = action(bindings, comp_mod, modified, raw, mods);
+    let mut final_action = action(
+        bindings,
+        comp_mod,
+        modified,
+        raw,
+        mods,
+        disable_power_key_handling,
+    );
 
     // Allow only a subset of compositor actions while the screenshot UI is open, since the user
     // cannot see the screen.
@@ -1210,6 +1240,7 @@ fn action(
     modified: Keysym,
     raw: Option<Keysym>,
     mods: ModifiersState,
+    disable_power_key_handling: bool,
 ) -> Option<Action> {
     use keysyms::*;
 
@@ -1220,7 +1251,7 @@ fn action(
             let vt = (modified - KEY_XF86Switch_VT_1 + 1) as i32;
             return Some(Action::ChangeVt(vt));
         }
-        KEY_XF86PowerOff => return Some(Action::Suspend),
+        KEY_XF86PowerOff if !disable_power_key_handling => return Some(Action::Suspend),
         _ => (),
     }
 
@@ -1307,8 +1338,9 @@ fn allowed_during_screenshot(action: &Action) -> bool {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use niri_config::{Action, Bind, Binds, Key, Modifiers};
+
     use super::*;
-    use crate::config::{Action, Bind, Binds, Key, Modifiers};
 
     #[test]
     fn bindings_suppress_keys() {
@@ -1325,6 +1357,7 @@ mod tests {
         let mut suppressed_keys = HashSet::new();
 
         let screenshot_ui = ScreenshotUi::new();
+        let disable_power_key_handling = false;
 
         // The key_code we pick is arbitrary, the only thing
         // that matters is that they are different between cases.
@@ -1341,6 +1374,7 @@ mod tests {
                 pressed,
                 mods,
                 &screenshot_ui,
+                disable_power_key_handling,
             )
         };
 
@@ -1356,6 +1390,7 @@ mod tests {
                 pressed,
                 mods,
                 &screenshot_ui,
+                disable_power_key_handling,
             )
         };
 

src/layout/focus_ring.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use std::iter::zip;
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use niri_config::{self, Color};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::solid::{SolidColorBuffer, SolidColorRenderElement};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Kind;
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Scale, Size};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FocusRing {
+    buffers: [SolidColorBuffer; 4],
+    locations: [Point<i32, Logical>; 4],
+    is_off: bool,
+    is_border: bool,
+    width: i32,
+    active_color: Color,
+    inactive_color: Color,
+}
+
+pub type FocusRingRenderElement = SolidColorRenderElement;
+
+impl FocusRing {
+    pub fn new(config: niri_config::FocusRing) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buffers: Default::default(),
+            locations: Default::default(),
+            is_off: config.off,
+            is_border: false,
+            width: config.width.into(),
+            active_color: config.active_color,
+            inactive_color: config.inactive_color,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, config: niri_config::FocusRing) {
+        self.is_off = config.off;
+        self.width = config.width.into();
+        self.active_color = config.active_color;
+        self.inactive_color = config.inactive_color;
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(
+        &mut self,
+        win_pos: Point<i32, Logical>,
+        win_size: Size<i32, Logical>,
+        is_border: bool,
+    ) {
+        if is_border {
+            self.buffers[0].resize((win_size.w + self.width * 2, self.width));
+            self.buffers[1].resize((win_size.w + self.width * 2, self.width));
+            self.buffers[2].resize((self.width, win_size.h));
+            self.buffers[3].resize((self.width, win_size.h));
+
+            self.locations[0] = win_pos + Point::from((-self.width, -self.width));
+            self.locations[1] = win_pos + Point::from((-self.width, win_size.h));
+            self.locations[2] = win_pos + Point::from((-self.width, 0));
+            self.locations[3] = win_pos + Point::from((win_size.w, 0));
+        } else {
+            let size = win_size + Size::from((self.width * 2, self.width * 2));
+            self.buffers[0].resize(size);
+            self.locations[0] = win_pos - Point::from((self.width, self.width));
+        }
+
+        self.is_border = is_border;
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_active(&mut self, is_active: bool) {
+        let color = if is_active {
+            self.active_color.into()
+        } else {
+            self.inactive_color.into()
+        };
+
+        for buf in &mut self.buffers {
+            buf.set_color(color);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> impl Iterator<Item = FocusRingRenderElement> {
+        let mut rv = ArrayVec::<_, 4>::new();
+
+        if self.is_off {
+            return rv.into_iter();
+        }
+
+        let mut push = |buffer, location: Point<i32, Logical>| {
+            let elem = SolidColorRenderElement::from_buffer(
+                buffer,
+                location.to_physical_precise_round(scale),
+                scale,
+                1.,
+                Kind::Unspecified,
+            );
+            rv.push(elem);
+        };
+
+        if self.is_border {
+            for (buf, loc) in zip(&self.buffers, self.locations) {
+                push(buf, loc);
+            }
+        } else {
+            push(&self.buffers[0], self.locations[0]);
+        }
+
+        rv.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn width(&self) -> i32 {
+        self.width
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_off(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_off
+    }
+}

src/layout/monitor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+use std::cmp::min;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use niri_config::SizeChange;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::utils::{
+    CropRenderElement, Relocate, RelocateRenderElement,
+};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::{ImportAll, Renderer};
+use smithay::desktop::Window;
+use smithay::output::Output;
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Scale};
+
+use super::workspace::{
+    compute_working_area, ColumnWidth, OutputId, Workspace, WorkspaceRenderElement,
+};
+use super::{LayoutElement, Options};
+use crate::animation::Animation;
+use crate::utils::output_size;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Monitor<W: LayoutElement> {
+    /// Output for this monitor.
+    pub output: Output,
+    // Must always contain at least one.
+    pub workspaces: Vec<Workspace<W>>,
+    /// Index of the currently active workspace.
+    pub active_workspace_idx: usize,
+    /// In-progress switch between workspaces.
+    pub workspace_switch: Option<WorkspaceSwitch>,
+    /// Configurable properties of the layout.
+    pub options: Rc<Options>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum WorkspaceSwitch {
+    Animation(Animation),
+    Gesture(WorkspaceSwitchGesture),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct WorkspaceSwitchGesture {
+    /// Index of the workspace where the gesture was started.
+    pub center_idx: usize,
+    /// Current, fractional workspace index.
+    pub current_idx: f64,
+}
+
+pub type MonitorRenderElement<R> =
+    RelocateRenderElement<CropRenderElement<WorkspaceRenderElement<R>>>;
+
+impl WorkspaceSwitch {
+    pub fn current_idx(&self) -> f64 {
+        match self {
+            WorkspaceSwitch::Animation(anim) => anim.value(),
+            WorkspaceSwitch::Gesture(gesture) => gesture.current_idx,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the workspace switch is [`Animation`].
+    ///
+    /// [`Animation`]: WorkspaceSwitch::Animation
+    #[must_use]
+    fn is_animation(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Animation(..))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: LayoutElement> Monitor<W> {
+    pub fn new(output: Output, workspaces: Vec<Workspace<W>>, options: Rc<Options>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            output,
+            workspaces,
+            active_workspace_idx: 0,
+            workspace_switch: None,
+            options,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_workspace(&mut self) -> &mut Workspace<W> {
+        &mut self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx]
+    }
+
+    fn activate_workspace(&mut self, idx: usize) {
+        if self.active_workspace_idx == idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let current_idx = self
+            .workspace_switch
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|s| s.current_idx())
+            .unwrap_or(self.active_workspace_idx as f64);
+
+        self.active_workspace_idx = idx;
+
+        self.workspace_switch = Some(WorkspaceSwitch::Animation(Animation::new(
+            current_idx,
+            idx as f64,
+            Duration::from_millis(250),
+        )));
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_window(
+        &mut self,
+        workspace_idx: usize,
+        window: W,
+        activate: bool,
+        width: ColumnWidth,
+        is_full_width: bool,
+    ) {
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[workspace_idx];
+
+        workspace.add_window(window, activate, width, is_full_width);
+
+        // After adding a new window, workspace becomes this output's own.
+        workspace.original_output = OutputId::new(&self.output);
+
+        if workspace_idx == self.workspaces.len() - 1 {
+            // Insert a new empty workspace.
+            let ws = Workspace::new(self.output.clone(), self.options.clone());
+            self.workspaces.push(ws);
+        }
+
+        if activate {
+            self.activate_workspace(workspace_idx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn clean_up_workspaces(&mut self) {
+        assert!(self.workspace_switch.is_none());
+
+        for idx in (0..self.workspaces.len() - 1).rev() {
+            if self.active_workspace_idx == idx {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if !self.workspaces[idx].has_windows() {
+                self.workspaces.remove(idx);
+                if self.active_workspace_idx > idx {
+                    self.active_workspace_idx -= 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_left(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_left();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_right(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_right();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_column_to_first(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_column_to_first();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_column_to_last(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_column_to_last();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_down(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_down();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_up(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_up();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_down_or_to_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        let workspace = self.active_workspace();
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let column = &mut workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        let curr_idx = column.active_tile_idx;
+        let new_idx = min(column.active_tile_idx + 1, column.tiles.len() - 1);
+        if curr_idx == new_idx {
+            self.move_to_workspace_down();
+        } else {
+            workspace.move_down();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_up_or_to_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        let workspace = self.active_workspace();
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let curr_idx = workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx].active_tile_idx;
+        let new_idx = curr_idx.saturating_sub(1);
+        if curr_idx == new_idx {
+            self.move_to_workspace_up();
+        } else {
+            workspace.move_up();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_left(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_left();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_right(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_right();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_column_first(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_column_first();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_column_last(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_column_last();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_down(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_down();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_up(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_up();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_window_or_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        let workspace = self.active_workspace();
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            self.switch_workspace_down();
+        } else {
+            let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+            let curr_idx = column.active_tile_idx;
+            let new_idx = min(column.active_tile_idx + 1, column.tiles.len() - 1);
+            if curr_idx == new_idx {
+                self.switch_workspace_down();
+            } else {
+                workspace.focus_down();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_window_or_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        let workspace = self.active_workspace();
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            self.switch_workspace_up();
+        } else {
+            let curr_idx = workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx].active_tile_idx;
+            let new_idx = curr_idx.saturating_sub(1);
+            if curr_idx == new_idx {
+                self.switch_workspace_up();
+            } else {
+                workspace.focus_up();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_to_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        let source_workspace_idx = self.active_workspace_idx;
+
+        let new_idx = source_workspace_idx.saturating_sub(1);
+        if new_idx == source_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[source_workspace_idx];
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        let width = column.width;
+        let is_full_width = column.is_full_width;
+        let window =
+            workspace.remove_window_by_idx(workspace.active_column_idx, column.active_tile_idx);
+
+        self.add_window(new_idx, window, true, width, is_full_width);
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_to_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        let source_workspace_idx = self.active_workspace_idx;
+
+        let new_idx = min(source_workspace_idx + 1, self.workspaces.len() - 1);
+        if new_idx == source_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[source_workspace_idx];
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        let width = column.width;
+        let is_full_width = column.is_full_width;
+        let window =
+            workspace.remove_window_by_idx(workspace.active_column_idx, column.active_tile_idx);
+
+        self.add_window(new_idx, window, true, width, is_full_width);
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_to_workspace(&mut self, idx: usize) {
+        let source_workspace_idx = self.active_workspace_idx;
+
+        let new_idx = min(idx, self.workspaces.len() - 1);
+        if new_idx == source_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[source_workspace_idx];
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        let width = column.width;
+        let is_full_width = column.is_full_width;
+        let window =
+            workspace.remove_window_by_idx(workspace.active_column_idx, column.active_tile_idx);
+
+        self.add_window(new_idx, window, true, width, is_full_width);
+
+        // Don't animate this action.
+        self.workspace_switch = None;
+
+        self.clean_up_workspaces();
+    }
+
+    pub fn switch_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        self.activate_workspace(self.active_workspace_idx.saturating_sub(1));
+    }
+
+    pub fn switch_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        self.activate_workspace(min(
+            self.active_workspace_idx + 1,
+            self.workspaces.len() - 1,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    pub fn switch_workspace(&mut self, idx: usize) {
+        self.activate_workspace(min(idx, self.workspaces.len() - 1));
+        // Don't animate this action.
+        self.workspace_switch = None;
+
+        self.clean_up_workspaces();
+    }
+
+    pub fn consume_into_column(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().consume_into_column();
+    }
+
+    pub fn expel_from_column(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().expel_from_column();
+    }
+
+    pub fn center_column(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().center_column();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus(&self) -> Option<&W> {
+        let workspace = &self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx];
+        if !workspace.has_windows() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        Some(column.tiles[column.active_tile_idx].window())
+    }
+
+    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self, current_time: Duration, is_active: bool) {
+        if let Some(WorkspaceSwitch::Animation(anim)) = &mut self.workspace_switch {
+            anim.set_current_time(current_time);
+            if anim.is_done() {
+                self.workspace_switch = None;
+                self.clean_up_workspaces();
+            }
+        }
+
+        for ws in &mut self.workspaces {
+            ws.advance_animations(current_time, is_active);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn are_animations_ongoing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.workspace_switch
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_some_and(|s| s.is_animation())
+            || self.workspaces.iter().any(|ws| ws.are_animations_ongoing())
+    }
+
+    pub fn are_transitions_ongoing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.workspace_switch.is_some()
+            || self.workspaces.iter().any(|ws| ws.are_animations_ongoing())
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, options: Rc<Options>) {
+        for ws in &mut self.workspaces {
+            ws.update_config(options.clone());
+        }
+
+        if self.options.struts != options.struts {
+            let view_size = output_size(&self.output);
+            let working_area = compute_working_area(&self.output, options.struts);
+
+            for ws in &mut self.workspaces {
+                ws.set_view_size(view_size, working_area);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.options = options;
+    }
+
+    pub fn toggle_width(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().toggle_width();
+    }
+
+    pub fn toggle_full_width(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().toggle_full_width();
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_column_width(&mut self, change: SizeChange) {
+        self.active_workspace().set_column_width(change);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_window_height(&mut self, change: SizeChange) {
+        self.active_workspace().set_window_height(change);
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        let new_idx = min(self.active_workspace_idx + 1, self.workspaces.len() - 1);
+        if new_idx == self.active_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.workspaces.swap(self.active_workspace_idx, new_idx);
+
+        if new_idx == self.workspaces.len() - 1 {
+            // Insert a new empty workspace.
+            let ws = Workspace::new(self.output.clone(), self.options.clone());
+            self.workspaces.push(ws);
+        }
+
+        self.activate_workspace(new_idx);
+        self.workspace_switch = None;
+
+        self.clean_up_workspaces();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        let new_idx = self.active_workspace_idx.saturating_sub(1);
+        if new_idx == self.active_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.workspaces.swap(self.active_workspace_idx, new_idx);
+
+        if self.active_workspace_idx == self.workspaces.len() - 1 {
+            // Insert a new empty workspace.
+            let ws = Workspace::new(self.output.clone(), self.options.clone());
+            self.workspaces.push(ws);
+        }
+
+        self.activate_workspace(new_idx);
+        self.workspace_switch = None;
+
+        self.clean_up_workspaces();
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_under(
+        &self,
+        pos_within_output: Point<f64, Logical>,
+    ) -> Option<(&W, Option<Point<i32, Logical>>)> {
+        match &self.workspace_switch {
+            Some(switch) => {
+                let size = output_size(&self.output);
+
+                let render_idx = switch.current_idx();
+                let before_idx = render_idx.floor() as usize;
+                let after_idx = render_idx.ceil() as usize;
+
+                let offset = ((render_idx - before_idx as f64) * size.h as f64).round() as i32;
+
+                let (idx, ws_offset) = if pos_within_output.y < (size.h - offset) as f64 {
+                    (before_idx, Point::from((0, offset)))
+                } else {
+                    (after_idx, Point::from((0, -size.h + offset)))
+                };
+
+                let ws = &self.workspaces[idx];
+                let (win, win_pos) = ws.window_under(pos_within_output + ws_offset.to_f64())?;
+                Some((win, win_pos.map(|p| p - ws_offset)))
+            }
+            None => {
+                let ws = &self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx];
+                ws.window_under(pos_within_output)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render_above_top_layer(&self) -> bool {
+        // Render above the top layer only if the view is stationary.
+        if self.workspace_switch.is_some() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        let ws = &self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx];
+        ws.render_above_top_layer()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Monitor<Window> {
+    pub fn render_elements<R: Renderer + ImportAll>(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut R,
+    ) -> Vec<MonitorRenderElement<R>>
+    where
+        <R as Renderer>::TextureId: 'static,
+    {
+        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Monitor::render_elements");
+
+        let output_scale = Scale::from(self.output.current_scale().fractional_scale());
+        let output_transform = self.output.current_transform();
+        let output_mode = self.output.current_mode().unwrap();
+        let size = output_transform.transform_size(output_mode.size);
+
+        match &self.workspace_switch {
+            Some(switch) => {
+                let render_idx = switch.current_idx();
+                let before_idx = render_idx.floor() as usize;
+                let after_idx = render_idx.ceil() as usize;
+
+                let offset = ((render_idx - before_idx as f64) * size.h as f64).round() as i32;
+
+                let before = self.workspaces[before_idx].render_elements(renderer);
+                let after = self.workspaces[after_idx].render_elements(renderer);
+
+                let before = before.into_iter().filter_map(|elem| {
+                    Some(RelocateRenderElement::from_element(
+                        CropRenderElement::from_element(
+                            elem,
+                            output_scale,
+                            Rectangle::from_extemities((0, offset), (size.w, size.h)),
+                        )?,
+                        (0, -offset),
+                        Relocate::Relative,
+                    ))
+                });
+                let after = after.into_iter().filter_map(|elem| {
+                    Some(RelocateRenderElement::from_element(
+                        CropRenderElement::from_element(
+                            elem,
+                            output_scale,
+                            Rectangle::from_extemities((0, 0), (size.w, offset)),
+                        )?,
+                        (0, -offset + size.h),
+                        Relocate::Relative,
+                    ))
+                });
+                before.chain(after).collect()
+            }
+            None => {
+                let elements = self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx].render_elements(renderer);
+                elements
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter_map(|elem| {
+                        Some(RelocateRenderElement::from_element(
+                            CropRenderElement::from_element(
+                                elem,
+                                output_scale,
+                                // HACK: set infinite crop bounds due to a damage tracking bug
+                                // which causes glitched rendering for maximized GTK windows.
+                                // FIXME: use proper bounds after fixing the Crop element.
+                                Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(
+                                    (-i32::MAX / 2, -i32::MAX / 2),
+                                    (i32::MAX, i32::MAX),
+                                ),
+                                // Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), size),
+                            )?,
+                            (0, 0),
+                            Relocate::Relative,
+                        ))
+                    })
+                    .collect()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/layout/tile.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+use std::cmp::max;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::solid::{SolidColorBuffer, SolidColorRenderElement};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::utils::{Relocate, RelocateRenderElement};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Kind;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::{ImportAll, Renderer};
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size};
+
+use super::focus_ring::FocusRing;
+use super::workspace::WorkspaceRenderElement;
+use super::{LayoutElement, Options};
+
+/// Toplevel window with decorations.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Tile<W: LayoutElement> {
+    /// The toplevel window itself.
+    window: W,
+
+    /// The border around the window.
+    border: FocusRing,
+
+    /// Whether this tile is fullscreen.
+    ///
+    /// This will update only when the `window` actually goes fullscreen, rather than right away,
+    /// to avoid black backdrop flicker before the window has had a chance to resize.
+    is_fullscreen: bool,
+
+    /// The black backdrop for fullscreen windows.
+    fullscreen_backdrop: SolidColorBuffer,
+
+    /// The size we were requested to fullscreen into.
+    fullscreen_size: Size<i32, Logical>,
+
+    /// Configurable properties of the layout.
+    options: Rc<Options>,
+}
+
+impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
+    pub fn new(window: W, options: Rc<Options>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            window,
+            border: FocusRing::new(options.border),
+            is_fullscreen: false, // FIXME: up-to-date fullscreen right away, but we need size.
+            fullscreen_backdrop: SolidColorBuffer::new((0, 0), [0., 0., 0., 1.]),
+            fullscreen_size: Default::default(),
+            options,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, options: Rc<Options>) {
+        self.border.update_config(options.border);
+        self.options = options;
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_window(&mut self) {
+        // FIXME: remove when we can get a fullscreen size right away.
+        if self.fullscreen_size != Size::from((0, 0)) {
+            self.is_fullscreen = self.window.is_fullscreen();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self, _current_time: Duration, is_active: bool) {
+        let width = self.border.width();
+        self.border.update(
+            (width, width).into(),
+            self.window.size(),
+            self.window.has_ssd(),
+        );
+        self.border.set_active(is_active);
+    }
+
+    pub fn window(&self) -> &W {
+        &self.window
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_window(self) -> W {
+        self.window
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `None` if the border is hidden and `Some(width)` if it should be shown.
+    fn effective_border_width(&self) -> Option<i32> {
+        if self.is_fullscreen {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        if self.border.is_off() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(self.border.width())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the location of the window's visual geometry within this Tile.
+    pub fn window_loc(&self) -> Point<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut loc = Point::from((0, 0));
+
+        // In fullscreen, center the window in the given size.
+        if self.is_fullscreen {
+            let window_size = self.window.size();
+            let target_size = self.fullscreen_size;
+
+            // Windows aren't supposed to be larger than the fullscreen size, but in case we get
+            // one, leave it at the top-left as usual.
+            if window_size.w < target_size.w {
+                loc.x += (target_size.w - window_size.w) / 2;
+            }
+            if window_size.h < target_size.h {
+                loc.y += (target_size.h - window_size.h) / 2;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(width) = self.effective_border_width() {
+            loc += (width, width).into();
+        }
+
+        loc
+    }
+
+    pub fn tile_size(&self) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut size = self.window.size();
+
+        if self.is_fullscreen {
+            // Normally we'd just return the fullscreen size here, but this makes things a bit
+            // nicer if a fullscreen window is bigger than the fullscreen size for some reason.
+            size.w = max(size.w, self.fullscreen_size.w);
+            size.h = max(size.h, self.fullscreen_size.h);
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(width) = self.effective_border_width() {
+            size.w = size.w.saturating_add(width * 2);
+            size.h = size.h.saturating_add(width * 2);
+        }
+
+        size
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_size(&self) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+        self.window.size()
+    }
+
+    pub fn buf_loc(&self) -> Point<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut loc = Point::from((0, 0));
+        loc += self.window_loc();
+        loc += self.window.buf_loc();
+        loc
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_in_input_region(&self, mut point: Point<f64, Logical>) -> bool {
+        point -= self.window_loc().to_f64();
+        self.window.is_in_input_region(point)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_in_activation_region(&self, point: Point<f64, Logical>) -> bool {
+        let activation_region = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), self.tile_size());
+        activation_region.to_f64().contains(point)
+    }
+
+    pub fn request_tile_size(&mut self, mut size: Size<i32, Logical>) {
+        // Can't go through effective_border_width() because we might be fullscreen.
+        if !self.border.is_off() {
+            let width = self.border.width();
+            size.w = max(1, size.w - width * 2);
+            size.h = max(1, size.h - width * 2);
+        }
+
+        self.window.request_size(size);
+    }
+
+    pub fn tile_width_for_window_width(&self, size: i32) -> i32 {
+        if self.border.is_off() {
+            size
+        } else {
+            size.saturating_add(self.border.width() * 2)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn tile_height_for_window_height(&self, size: i32) -> i32 {
+        if self.border.is_off() {
+            size
+        } else {
+            size.saturating_add(self.border.width() * 2)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_height_for_tile_height(&self, size: i32) -> i32 {
+        if self.border.is_off() {
+            size
+        } else {
+            size.saturating_sub(self.border.width() * 2)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn request_fullscreen(&mut self, size: Size<i32, Logical>) {
+        self.fullscreen_backdrop.resize(size);
+        self.fullscreen_size = size;
+        self.window.request_fullscreen(size);
+    }
+
+    pub fn min_size(&self) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut size = self.window.min_size();
+
+        if let Some(width) = self.effective_border_width() {
+            size.w = max(1, size.w);
+            size.h = max(1, size.h);
+
+            size.w = size.w.saturating_add(width * 2);
+            size.h = size.h.saturating_add(width * 2);
+        }
+
+        size
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_size(&self) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut size = self.window.max_size();
+
+        if let Some(width) = self.effective_border_width() {
+            if size.w > 0 {
+                size.w = size.w.saturating_add(width * 2);
+            }
+            if size.h > 0 {
+                size.h = size.h.saturating_add(width * 2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        size
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_ssd(&self) -> bool {
+        self.effective_border_width().is_some() || self.window.has_ssd()
+    }
+
+    pub fn render<R: Renderer + ImportAll>(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut R,
+        location: Point<i32, Logical>,
+        scale: Scale<f64>,
+    ) -> Vec<WorkspaceRenderElement<R>>
+    where
+        <R as Renderer>::TextureId: 'static,
+    {
+        let mut rv = Vec::new();
+
+        let window_pos = location + self.window_loc();
+        rv.extend(self.window.render(renderer, window_pos, scale));
+
+        if self.effective_border_width().is_some() {
+            rv.extend(
+                self.border
+                    .render(scale)
+                    .map(|elem| {
+                        RelocateRenderElement::from_element(
+                            elem,
+                            location.to_physical_precise_round(scale),
+                            Relocate::Relative,
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .map(Into::into),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if self.is_fullscreen {
+            let elem = SolidColorRenderElement::from_buffer(
+                &self.fullscreen_backdrop,
+                location.to_physical_precise_round(scale),
+                scale,
+                1.,
+                Kind::Unspecified,
+            );
+            rv.push(elem.into());
+        }
+
+        rv
+    }
+}

src/main.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ extern crate tracing;
 
 mod animation;
 mod backend;
-mod config;
 mod cursor;
 #[cfg(feature = "dbus")]
 mod dbus;
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ mod handlers;
 mod input;
 mod layout;
 mod niri;
+mod render_helpers;
 mod screenshot_ui;
 mod utils;
 mod watcher;
@@ -27,12 +27,11 @@ use std::process::Command;
 use std::{env, mem};
 
 use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
-use config::Config;
 #[cfg(not(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast"))]
 use dummy_pw_utils as pw_utils;
 use git_version::git_version;
-use miette::{Context, NarratableReportHandler};
 use niri::{Niri, State};
+use niri_config::Config;
 use portable_atomic::Ordering;
 use sd_notify::NotifyState;
 use smithay::reexports::calloop::{self, EventLoop};
@@ -109,13 +108,13 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     let _client = tracy_client::Client::start();
 
     // Set a better error printer for config loading.
-    miette::set_hook(Box::new(|_| Box::new(NarratableReportHandler::new()))).unwrap();
+    niri_config::set_miette_hook().unwrap();
 
     // Handle subcommands.
     if let Some(subcommand) = cli.subcommand {
         match subcommand {
             Sub::Validate { config } => {
-                Config::load(config).context("error loading config")?;
+                Config::load(config)?;
                 info!("config is valid");
                 return Ok(());
             }
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     );
 
     // Load the config.
-    let (mut config, path) = match Config::load(cli.config).context("error loading config") {
+    let (mut config, path) = match Config::load(cli.config) {
         Ok((config, path)) => (config, Some(path)),
         Err(err) => {
             warn!("{err:?}");
@@ -163,8 +162,10 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
 
         // Inhibit power key handling so we can suspend on it.
         #[cfg(feature = "dbus")]
-        if let Err(err) = state.niri.inhibit_power_key() {
-            warn!("error inhibiting power key: {err:?}");
+        if !state.niri.config.borrow().input.disable_power_key_handling {
+            if let Err(err) = state.niri.inhibit_power_key() {
+                warn!("error inhibiting power key: {err:?}");
+            }
         }
     }
 

src/niri.rs

@@ -10,19 +10,24 @@ use std::{env, mem, thread};
 
 use _server_decoration::server::org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_manager::Mode as KdeDecorationsMode;
 use anyhow::Context;
+use niri_config::{Config, TrackLayout};
 use smithay::backend::allocator::Fourcc;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::solid::{SolidColorBuffer, SolidColorRenderElement};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::surface::{
     render_elements_from_surface_tree, WaylandSurfaceRenderElement,
 };
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::texture::TextureRenderElement;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::utils::select_dmabuf_feedback;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::{
-    default_primary_scanout_output_compare, render_elements, AsRenderElements, Kind, RenderElement,
-    RenderElementStates,
+    default_primary_scanout_output_compare, AsRenderElements, Element, Id, Kind, RenderElement,
+    RenderElementStates, UnderlyingStorage,
+};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{
+    GlesError, GlesFrame, GlesMapping, GlesRenderer, GlesTexture,
 };
-use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{GlesMapping, GlesRenderer, GlesTexture};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::sync::SyncPoint;
-use smithay::backend::renderer::{Bind, ExportMem, Frame, ImportAll, Offscreen, Renderer};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::utils::CommitCounter;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::{Bind, ExportMem, Frame, Offscreen, Renderer};
 use smithay::desktop::utils::{
     bbox_from_surface_tree, output_update, send_dmabuf_feedback_surface_tree,
     send_frames_surface_tree, surface_presentation_feedback_flags_from_states,
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@ use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::backend::{
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::{Display, DisplayHandle};
 use smithay::utils::{
-    ClockSource, Logical, Monotonic, Physical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size, Transform,
+    Buffer, ClockSource, Logical, Monotonic, Physical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size, Transform,
     SERIAL_COUNTER,
 };
 use smithay::wayland::compositor::{
@@ -58,7 +63,7 @@ use smithay::wayland::compositor::{
     CompositorState, SurfaceData, TraversalAction,
 };
 use smithay::wayland::cursor_shape::CursorShapeManagerState;
-use smithay::wayland::dmabuf::DmabufFeedback;
+use smithay::wayland::dmabuf::DmabufState;
 use smithay::wayland::input_method::InputMethodManagerState;
 use smithay::wayland::output::OutputManagerState;
 use smithay::wayland::pointer_constraints::{with_pointer_constraint, PointerConstraintsState};
@@ -80,8 +85,8 @@ use smithay::wayland::text_input::TextInputManagerState;
 use smithay::wayland::virtual_keyboard::VirtualKeyboardManagerState;
 
 use crate::animation;
+use crate::backend::tty::{SurfaceDmabufFeedback, TtyFrame, TtyRenderer, TtyRendererError};
 use crate::backend::{Backend, RenderResult, Tty, Winit};
-use crate::config::{Config, TrackLayout};
 use crate::cursor::{CursorManager, CursorTextureCache, RenderCursor, XCursor};
 #[cfg(feature = "dbus")]
 use crate::dbus::gnome_shell_screenshot::{NiriToScreenshot, ScreenshotToNiri};
@@ -90,10 +95,13 @@ use crate::dbus::mutter_screen_cast::{self, ScreenCastToNiri};
 use crate::frame_clock::FrameClock;
 use crate::handlers::configure_lock_surface;
 use crate::input::TabletData;
-use crate::layout::{output_size, Layout, MonitorRenderElement};
+use crate::layout::{Layout, MonitorRenderElement};
 use crate::pw_utils::{Cast, PipeWire};
+use crate::render_helpers::{NiriRenderer, PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement};
 use crate::screenshot_ui::{ScreenshotUi, ScreenshotUiRenderElement};
-use crate::utils::{center, get_monotonic_time, make_screenshot_path, write_png_rgba8};
+use crate::utils::{
+    center, get_monotonic_time, make_screenshot_path, output_size, write_png_rgba8,
+};
 
 const CLEAR_COLOR: [f32; 4] = [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.];
 const CLEAR_COLOR_LOCKED: [f32; 4] = [0.3, 0.1, 0.1, 1.];
@@ -136,6 +144,7 @@ pub struct Niri {
     pub session_lock_state: SessionLockManagerState,
     pub shm_state: ShmState,
     pub output_manager_state: OutputManagerState,
+    pub dmabuf_state: DmabufState,
     pub seat_state: SeatState<State>,
     pub tablet_state: TabletManagerState,
     pub text_input_state: TextInputManagerState,
@@ -577,31 +586,32 @@ impl State {
         let ScreenshotToNiri::TakeScreenshot { include_cursor } = msg;
         let _span = tracy_client::span!("TakeScreenshot");
 
-        let Some(renderer) = self.backend.renderer() else {
-            let msg = NiriToScreenshot::ScreenshotResult(None);
-            if let Err(err) = to_screenshot.send_blocking(msg) {
-                warn!("error sending None to screenshot: {err:?}");
-            }
-            return;
-        };
+        let rv = self.backend.with_primary_renderer(|renderer| {
+            let on_done = {
+                let to_screenshot = to_screenshot.clone();
+                move |path| {
+                    let msg = NiriToScreenshot::ScreenshotResult(Some(path));
+                    if let Err(err) = to_screenshot.send_blocking(msg) {
+                        warn!("error sending path to screenshot: {err:?}");
+                    }
+                }
+            };
 
-        let on_done = {
-            let to_screenshot = to_screenshot.clone();
-            move |path| {
-                let msg = NiriToScreenshot::ScreenshotResult(Some(path));
+            let res = self
+                .niri
+                .screenshot_all_outputs(renderer, include_cursor, on_done);
+
+            if let Err(err) = res {
+                warn!("error taking a screenshot: {err:?}");
+
+                let msg = NiriToScreenshot::ScreenshotResult(None);
                 if let Err(err) = to_screenshot.send_blocking(msg) {
-                    warn!("error sending path to screenshot: {err:?}");
+                    warn!("error sending None to screenshot: {err:?}");
                 }
             }
-        };
-
-        let res = self
-            .niri
-            .screenshot_all_outputs(renderer, include_cursor, on_done);
-
-        if let Err(err) = res {
-            warn!("error taking a screenshot: {err:?}");
+        });
 
+        if rv.is_none() {
             let msg = NiriToScreenshot::ScreenshotResult(None);
             if let Err(err) = to_screenshot.send_blocking(msg) {
                 warn!("error sending None to screenshot: {err:?}");
@@ -645,6 +655,7 @@ impl Niri {
         let shm_state = ShmState::new::<State>(&display_handle, vec![]);
         let output_manager_state =
             OutputManagerState::new_with_xdg_output::<State>(&display_handle);
+        let dmabuf_state = DmabufState::new();
         let mut seat_state = SeatState::new();
         let tablet_state = TabletManagerState::new::<State>(&display_handle);
         let pointer_gestures_state = PointerGesturesState::new::<State>(&display_handle);
@@ -758,6 +769,7 @@ impl Niri {
             virtual_keyboard_state,
             shm_state,
             output_manager_state,
+            dmabuf_state,
             seat_state,
             tablet_state,
             pointer_gestures_state,
@@ -1033,6 +1045,10 @@ impl Niri {
         Some((output, pos_within_output))
     }
 
+    /// Returns the window under the position to be activated.
+    ///
+    /// The cursor may be inside the window's activation region, but not within the window's input
+    /// region.
     pub fn window_under(&self, pos: Point<f64, Logical>) -> Option<&Window> {
         if self.is_locked() || self.screenshot_ui.is_open() {
             return None;
@@ -1043,6 +1059,10 @@ impl Niri {
         Some(window)
     }
 
+    /// Returns the window under the cursor to be activated.
+    ///
+    /// The cursor may be inside the window's activation region, but not within the window's input
+    /// region.
     pub fn window_under_cursor(&self) -> Option<&Window> {
         let pos = self.seat.get_pointer().unwrap().current_location();
         self.window_under(pos)
@@ -1101,6 +1121,7 @@ impl Niri {
             self.layout
                 .window_under(output, pos_within_output)
                 .and_then(|(window, win_pos_within_output)| {
+                    let win_pos_within_output = win_pos_within_output?;
                     window
                         .surface_under(
                             pos_within_output - win_pos_within_output.to_f64(),
@@ -1220,7 +1241,7 @@ impl Niri {
             .or_else(|| self.global_space.outputs().next())
     }
 
-    pub fn output_for_root(&self, root: &WlSurface) -> Option<Output> {
+    pub fn output_for_root(&self, root: &WlSurface) -> Option<&Output> {
         // Check the main layout.
         let win_out = self.layout.find_window_and_output(root);
         let layout_output = win_out.map(|(_, output)| output);
@@ -1231,7 +1252,7 @@ impl Niri {
                 .layer_for_surface(root, WindowSurfaceType::TOPLEVEL)
                 .is_some()
         };
-        let layer_shell_output = || self.layout.outputs().find(has_layer_surface).cloned();
+        let layer_shell_output = || self.layout.outputs().find(has_layer_surface);
 
         layout_output.or_else(layer_shell_output)
     }
@@ -1288,11 +1309,11 @@ impl Niri {
         };
     }
 
-    pub fn pointer_element(
+    pub fn pointer_element<R: NiriRenderer>(
         &self,
-        renderer: &mut GlesRenderer,
+        renderer: &mut R,
         output: &Output,
-    ) -> Vec<OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer>> {
+    ) -> Vec<OutputRenderElements<R>> {
         let _span = tracy_client::span!("Niri::pointer_element");
         let output_scale = output.current_scale();
         let output_pos = self.global_space.output_geometry(output).unwrap().loc;
@@ -1336,19 +1357,23 @@ impl Niri {
                 let pointer_pos =
                     (pointer_pos - hotspot.to_f64()).to_physical_precise_round(output_scale);
 
-                let texture = self
-                    .cursor_texture_cache
-                    .get(renderer, icon, scale, &cursor, idx);
+                let texture = self.cursor_texture_cache.get(
+                    renderer.as_gles_renderer(),
+                    icon,
+                    scale,
+                    &cursor,
+                    idx,
+                );
 
                 let pointer_elements = vec![OutputRenderElements::NamedPointer(
-                    TextureRenderElement::from_texture_buffer(
+                    PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement(TextureRenderElement::from_texture_buffer(
                         pointer_pos.to_f64(),
                         &texture,
                         None,
                         None,
                         None,
                         Kind::Cursor,
-                    ),
+                    )),
                 )];
 
                 (pointer_elements, pointer_pos)
@@ -1481,12 +1506,12 @@ impl Niri {
         }
     }
 
-    fn render(
+    pub fn render<R: NiriRenderer>(
         &self,
-        renderer: &mut GlesRenderer,
+        renderer: &mut R,
         output: &Output,
         include_pointer: bool,
-    ) -> Vec<OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer>> {
+    ) -> Vec<OutputRenderElements<R>> {
         let _span = tracy_client::span!("Niri::render");
 
         let output_scale = Scale::from(output.current_scale().fractional_scale());
@@ -1558,8 +1583,7 @@ impl Niri {
 
         // Get layer-shell elements.
         let layer_map = layer_map_for_output(output);
-        let mut extend_from_layer = |elements: &mut Vec<OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer>>,
-                                     layer| {
+        let mut extend_from_layer = |elements: &mut Vec<OutputRenderElements<R>>, layer| {
             let iter = layer_map
                 .layers_on(layer)
                 .filter_map(|surface| {
@@ -1606,75 +1630,50 @@ impl Niri {
     fn redraw(&mut self, backend: &mut Backend, output: &Output) {
         let _span = tracy_client::span!("Niri::redraw");
 
-        let monitors_active = self.monitors_active;
-
+        // Verify our invariant.
         let state = self.output_state.get_mut(output).unwrap();
         assert!(matches!(
             state.redraw_state,
             RedrawState::Queued(_) | RedrawState::WaitingForEstimatedVBlankAndQueued(_)
         ));
 
-        // FIXME: make this not cursed.
-        let mut reset = || {
-            let state = self.output_state.get_mut(output).unwrap();
+        let target_presentation_time = state.frame_clock.next_presentation_time();
+
+        let mut res = RenderResult::Skipped;
+        if self.monitors_active {
+            // Update from the config and advance the animations.
+            self.layout.advance_animations(target_presentation_time);
+            state.unfinished_animations_remain = self
+                .layout
+                .monitor_for_output(output)
+                .unwrap()
+                .are_animations_ongoing();
+
+            // Also keep redrawing if the current cursor is animated.
+            state.unfinished_animations_remain |= self
+                .cursor_manager
+                .is_current_cursor_animated(output.current_scale().integer_scale());
+
+            // Render.
+            res = backend.render(self, output, target_presentation_time);
+        }
+
+        let is_locked = self.is_locked();
+        let state = self.output_state.get_mut(output).unwrap();
+
+        if res == RenderResult::Skipped {
+            // Update the redraw state on failed render.
             state.redraw_state =
-                if let RedrawState::WaitingForEstimatedVBlankAndQueued((token, _)) =
+                if let RedrawState::WaitingForEstimatedVBlank(token)
+                | RedrawState::WaitingForEstimatedVBlankAndQueued((token, _)) =
                     state.redraw_state
                 {
                     RedrawState::WaitingForEstimatedVBlank(token)
                 } else {
                     RedrawState::Idle
                 };
-
-            if matches!(self.lock_state, LockState::Locking { .. })
-                && state.lock_render_state == LockRenderState::Unlocked
-            {
-                // We needed to redraw this output for locking and failed.
-                self.unlock();
-            }
-        };
-
-        if !monitors_active {
-            reset();
-            return;
-        }
-
-        if !backend.is_active() {
-            reset();
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let Some(renderer) = backend.renderer() else {
-            reset();
-            return;
-        };
-
-        let state = self.output_state.get_mut(output).unwrap();
-        let target_presentation_time = state.frame_clock.next_presentation_time();
-
-        // Update from the config and advance the animations.
-        self.layout.advance_animations(target_presentation_time);
-        state.unfinished_animations_remain = self
-            .layout
-            .monitor_for_output(output)
-            .unwrap()
-            .are_animations_ongoing();
-
-        // Also keep redrawing if the current cursor is animated.
-        state.unfinished_animations_remain |= self
-            .cursor_manager
-            .is_current_cursor_animated(output.current_scale().integer_scale());
-
-        // Render the elements.
-        let elements = self.render(renderer, output, true);
-
-        // Hand it over to the backend.
-        let res = backend.render(self, output, &elements, target_presentation_time);
-
-        // Update the lock render state on successful render.
-        let is_locked = self.is_locked();
-        let state = self.output_state.get_mut(output).unwrap();
-        if res != RenderResult::Error {
+        } else {
+            // Update the lock render state on successful render.
             state.lock_render_state = if is_locked {
                 LockRenderState::Locked
             } else {
@@ -1685,7 +1684,7 @@ impl Niri {
         // If we're in process of locking the session, check if the requirements were met.
         match mem::take(&mut self.lock_state) {
             LockState::Locking(confirmation) => {
-                if res == RenderResult::Error {
+                if res == RenderResult::Skipped {
                     if state.lock_render_state == LockRenderState::Unlocked {
                         // We needed to render a locked frame on this output but failed.
                         self.unlock();
@@ -1728,10 +1727,9 @@ impl Niri {
         // Render and send to PipeWire screencast streams.
         #[cfg(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast")]
         {
-            let renderer = backend
-                .renderer()
-                .expect("renderer must not have disappeared");
-            self.send_for_screen_cast(renderer, output, &elements, target_presentation_time);
+            backend.with_primary_renderer(|renderer| {
+                self.render_for_screen_cast(renderer, output, target_presentation_time);
+            });
         }
     }
 
@@ -1833,18 +1831,45 @@ impl Niri {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn send_dmabuf_feedbacks(&self, output: &Output, feedback: &DmabufFeedback) {
+    pub fn send_dmabuf_feedbacks(
+        &self,
+        output: &Output,
+        feedback: &SurfaceDmabufFeedback,
+        render_element_states: &RenderElementStates,
+    ) {
         let _span = tracy_client::span!("Niri::send_dmabuf_feedbacks");
 
         // We can unconditionally send the current output's feedback to regular and layer-shell
         // surfaces, as they can only be displayed on a single output at a time. Even if a surface
         // is currently invisible, this is the DMABUF feedback that it should know about.
         for win in self.layout.windows_for_output(output) {
-            win.send_dmabuf_feedback(output, |_, _| Some(output.clone()), |_, _| feedback);
+            win.send_dmabuf_feedback(
+                output,
+                |_, _| Some(output.clone()),
+                |surface, _| {
+                    select_dmabuf_feedback(
+                        surface,
+                        render_element_states,
+                        &feedback.render,
+                        &feedback.scanout,
+                    )
+                },
+            );
         }
 
         for surface in layer_map_for_output(output).layers() {
-            surface.send_dmabuf_feedback(output, |_, _| Some(output.clone()), |_, _| feedback);
+            surface.send_dmabuf_feedback(
+                output,
+                |_, _| Some(output.clone()),
+                |surface, _| {
+                    select_dmabuf_feedback(
+                        surface,
+                        render_element_states,
+                        &feedback.render,
+                        &feedback.scanout,
+                    )
+                },
+            );
         }
 
         if let Some(surface) = &self.output_state[output].lock_surface {
@@ -1852,7 +1877,14 @@ impl Niri {
                 surface.wl_surface(),
                 output,
                 |_, _| Some(output.clone()),
-                |_, _| feedback,
+                |surface, _| {
+                    select_dmabuf_feedback(
+                        surface,
+                        render_element_states,
+                        &feedback.render,
+                        &feedback.scanout,
+                    )
+                },
             );
         }
 
@@ -1861,7 +1893,14 @@ impl Niri {
                 surface,
                 output,
                 surface_primary_scanout_output,
-                |_, _| feedback,
+                |surface, _| {
+                    select_dmabuf_feedback(
+                        surface,
+                        render_element_states,
+                        &feedback.render,
+                        &feedback.scanout,
+                    )
+                },
             );
         }
 
@@ -1870,7 +1909,14 @@ impl Niri {
                 surface,
                 output,
                 surface_primary_scanout_output,
-                |_, _| feedback,
+                |surface, _| {
+                    select_dmabuf_feedback(
+                        surface,
+                        render_element_states,
+                        &feedback.render,
+                        &feedback.scanout,
+                    )
+                },
             );
         }
     }
@@ -2010,19 +2056,21 @@ impl Niri {
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast")]
-    fn send_for_screen_cast(
+    fn render_for_screen_cast(
         &mut self,
         renderer: &mut GlesRenderer,
         output: &Output,
-        elements: &[OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer>],
         target_presentation_time: Duration,
     ) {
-        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Niri::send_for_screen_cast");
+        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Niri::render_for_screen_cast");
 
         let size = output.current_mode().unwrap().size;
         let scale = Scale::from(output.current_scale().fractional_scale());
 
-        for cast in &mut self.casts {
+        let mut elements = None;
+
+        let mut casts = mem::take(&mut self.casts);
+        for cast in &mut casts {
             if !cast.is_active.get() {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -2068,6 +2116,9 @@ impl Niri {
                 let dmabuf = cast.dmabufs.borrow()[&fd].clone();
 
                 // FIXME: Hidden / embedded / metadata cursor
+                let elements = elements
+                    .get_or_insert_with(|| self.render::<GlesRenderer>(renderer, output, true));
+
                 if let Err(err) = render_to_dmabuf(renderer, dmabuf, size, scale, elements) {
                     error!("error rendering to dmabuf: {err:?}");
                     continue;
@@ -2081,6 +2132,7 @@ impl Niri {
 
             cast.last_frame_time = target_presentation_time;
         }
+        self.casts = casts;
     }
 
     #[cfg(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast")]
@@ -2132,7 +2184,7 @@ impl Niri {
             .filter_map(|output| {
                 let size = output.current_mode().unwrap().size;
                 let scale = Scale::from(output.current_scale().fractional_scale());
-                let elements = self.render(renderer, &output, true);
+                let elements = self.render::<GlesRenderer>(renderer, &output, true);
 
                 let res = render_to_texture(renderer, size, scale, Fourcc::Abgr8888, &elements);
                 let screenshot = match res {
@@ -2159,7 +2211,7 @@ impl Niri {
 
         let size = output.current_mode().unwrap().size;
         let scale = Scale::from(output.current_scale().fractional_scale());
-        let elements = self.render(renderer, output, true);
+        let elements = self.render::<GlesRenderer>(renderer, output, true);
         let pixels = render_to_vec(renderer, size, scale, Fourcc::Abgr8888, &elements)?;
 
         self.save_screenshot(size, pixels)
@@ -2283,7 +2335,7 @@ impl Niri {
             size.w = max(size.w, geom.loc.x + geom.size.w);
             size.h = max(size.h, geom.loc.y + geom.size.h);
 
-            let output_elements = self.render(renderer, &output, include_pointer);
+            let output_elements = self.render::<GlesRenderer>(renderer, &output, include_pointer);
             elements.extend(output_elements.into_iter().map(|elem| {
                 RelocateRenderElement::from_element(elem, geom.loc, Relocate::Relative)
             }));
@@ -2388,16 +2440,6 @@ impl Niri {
     }
 }
 
-render_elements! {
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub OutputRenderElements<R> where R: ImportAll;
-    Monitor = MonitorRenderElement<R>,
-    Wayland = WaylandSurfaceRenderElement<R>,
-    NamedPointer = TextureRenderElement<<R as Renderer>::TextureId>,
-    SolidColor = SolidColorRenderElement,
-    ScreenshotUi = ScreenshotUiRenderElement<R>,
-}
-
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct ClientState {
     pub compositor_state: CompositorClientState,
@@ -2488,8 +2530,6 @@ fn render_to_dmabuf(
     scale: Scale<f64>,
     elements: &[OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer>],
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
-    use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Element;
-
     let _span = tracy_client::span!("render_to_dmabuf");
 
     let output_rect = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), size);
@@ -2511,3 +2551,212 @@ fn render_to_dmabuf(
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+// Manual RenderElement implementation due to AsGlesFrame requirement.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum OutputRenderElements<R: NiriRenderer> {
+    Monitor(MonitorRenderElement<R>),
+    Wayland(WaylandSurfaceRenderElement<R>),
+    NamedPointer(PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement),
+    SolidColor(SolidColorRenderElement),
+    ScreenshotUi(ScreenshotUiRenderElement),
+}
+
+impl<R: NiriRenderer> Element for OutputRenderElements<R> {
+    fn id(&self) -> &Id {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.id(),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.id(),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.id(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.id(),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.id(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn current_commit(&self) -> CommitCounter {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.current_commit(),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.current_commit(),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.current_commit(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.current_commit(),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.current_commit(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn geometry(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Rectangle<i32, Physical> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.geometry(scale),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.geometry(scale),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.geometry(scale),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.geometry(scale),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.geometry(scale),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn transform(&self) -> Transform {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.transform(),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.transform(),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.transform(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.transform(),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.transform(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn src(&self) -> Rectangle<f64, Buffer> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.src(),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.src(),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.src(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.src(),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.src(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn damage_since(
+        &self,
+        scale: Scale<f64>,
+        commit: Option<CommitCounter>,
+    ) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.damage_since(scale, commit),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.damage_since(scale, commit),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.damage_since(scale, commit),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.damage_since(scale, commit),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.damage_since(scale, commit),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn opaque_regions(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.opaque_regions(scale),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.opaque_regions(scale),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.opaque_regions(scale),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.opaque_regions(scale),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.opaque_regions(scale),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn alpha(&self) -> f32 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.alpha(),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.alpha(),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.alpha(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.alpha(),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.alpha(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.kind(),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.kind(),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.kind(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.kind(),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.kind(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RenderElement<GlesRenderer> for OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer> {
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut GlesFrame<'_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), GlesError> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.draw(frame, src, dst, damage),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.draw(frame, src, dst, damage),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(&self, renderer: &mut GlesRenderer) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'render, 'alloc> RenderElement<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>
+    for OutputRenderElements<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>
+{
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut TtyFrame<'render, 'alloc, '_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), TtyRendererError<'render, 'alloc>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.draw(frame, src, dst, damage),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.draw(frame, src, dst, damage),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>,
+    ) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Monitor(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+            Self::Wayland(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+            Self::NamedPointer(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+            Self::ScreenshotUi(elem) => elem.underlying_storage(renderer),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: NiriRenderer> From<MonitorRenderElement<R>> for OutputRenderElements<R> {
+    fn from(x: MonitorRenderElement<R>) -> Self {
+        Self::Monitor(x)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: NiriRenderer> From<WaylandSurfaceRenderElement<R>> for OutputRenderElements<R> {
+    fn from(x: WaylandSurfaceRenderElement<R>) -> Self {
+        Self::Wayland(x)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: NiriRenderer> From<PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement> for OutputRenderElements<R> {
+    fn from(x: PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement) -> Self {
+        Self::NamedPointer(x)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: NiriRenderer> From<SolidColorRenderElement> for OutputRenderElements<R> {
+    fn from(x: SolidColorRenderElement) -> Self {
+        Self::SolidColor(x)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: NiriRenderer> From<ScreenshotUiRenderElement> for OutputRenderElements<R> {
+    fn from(x: ScreenshotUiRenderElement) -> Self {
+        Self::ScreenshotUi(x)
+    }
+}

src/render_helpers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::texture::TextureRenderElement;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::{Element, Id, Kind, RenderElement, UnderlyingStorage};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{GlesError, GlesFrame, GlesRenderer, GlesTexture};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::utils::CommitCounter;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::{Bind, ExportMem, ImportAll, Offscreen, Renderer, Texture};
+use smithay::utils::{Buffer, Physical, Rectangle, Scale, Transform};
+
+use crate::backend::tty::{TtyFrame, TtyRenderer, TtyRendererError};
+
+/// Trait with our main renderer requirements to save on the typing.
+pub trait NiriRenderer:
+    ImportAll
+    + ExportMem
+    + Bind<Dmabuf>
+    + Offscreen<GlesTexture>
+    + Renderer<TextureId = Self::NiriTextureId, Error = Self::NiriError>
+    + AsGlesRenderer
+{
+    // Associated types to work around the instability of associated type bounds.
+    type NiriTextureId: Texture + Clone + 'static;
+    type NiriError: std::error::Error
+        + Send
+        + Sync
+        + From<<GlesRenderer as Renderer>::Error>
+        + 'static;
+}
+
+impl<R> NiriRenderer for R
+where
+    R: ImportAll + ExportMem + Bind<Dmabuf> + Offscreen<GlesTexture> + AsGlesRenderer,
+    R::TextureId: Texture + Clone + 'static,
+    R::Error: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + From<<GlesRenderer as Renderer>::Error> + 'static,
+{
+    type NiriTextureId = R::TextureId;
+    type NiriError = R::Error;
+}
+
+/// Trait for getting the underlying `GlesRenderer`.
+pub trait AsGlesRenderer {
+    fn as_gles_renderer(&mut self) -> &mut GlesRenderer;
+}
+
+impl AsGlesRenderer for GlesRenderer {
+    fn as_gles_renderer(&mut self) -> &mut GlesRenderer {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'render, 'alloc> AsGlesRenderer for TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc> {
+    fn as_gles_renderer(&mut self) -> &mut GlesRenderer {
+        self.as_mut()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trait for getting the underlying `GlesFrame`.
+pub trait AsGlesFrame<'frame>
+where
+    Self: 'frame,
+{
+    fn as_gles_frame(&mut self) -> &mut GlesFrame<'frame>;
+}
+
+impl<'frame> AsGlesFrame<'frame> for GlesFrame<'frame> {
+    fn as_gles_frame(&mut self) -> &mut GlesFrame<'frame> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'render, 'alloc, 'frame> AsGlesFrame<'frame> for TtyFrame<'render, 'alloc, 'frame> {
+    fn as_gles_frame(&mut self) -> &mut GlesFrame<'frame> {
+        self.as_mut()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper for a texture from the primary GPU for rendering with the primary GPU.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement(pub TextureRenderElement<GlesTexture>);
+
+impl Element for PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement {
+    fn id(&self) -> &Id {
+        self.0.id()
+    }
+
+    fn current_commit(&self) -> CommitCounter {
+        self.0.current_commit()
+    }
+
+    fn geometry(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Rectangle<i32, Physical> {
+        self.0.geometry(scale)
+    }
+
+    fn transform(&self) -> Transform {
+        self.0.transform()
+    }
+
+    fn src(&self) -> Rectangle<f64, Buffer> {
+        self.0.src()
+    }
+
+    fn damage_since(
+        &self,
+        scale: Scale<f64>,
+        commit: Option<CommitCounter>,
+    ) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        self.0.damage_since(scale, commit)
+    }
+
+    fn opaque_regions(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        self.0.opaque_regions(scale)
+    }
+
+    fn alpha(&self) -> f32 {
+        self.0.alpha()
+    }
+
+    fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        self.0.kind()
+    }
+}
+
+impl RenderElement<GlesRenderer> for PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement {
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut GlesFrame<'_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), GlesError> {
+        let gles_frame = frame.as_gles_frame();
+        RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&self.0, gles_frame, src, dst, damage)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(&self, _renderer: &mut GlesRenderer) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        // If scanout for things other than Wayland buffers is implemented, this will need to take
+        // the target GPU into account.
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'render, 'alloc> RenderElement<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>
+    for PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement
+{
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut TtyFrame<'_, '_, '_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), TtyRendererError<'render, 'alloc>> {
+        let gles_frame = frame.as_gles_frame();
+        RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&self.0, gles_frame, src, dst, damage)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(
+        &self,
+        _renderer: &mut TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>,
+    ) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        // If scanout for things other than Wayland buffers is implemented, this will need to take
+        // the target GPU into account.
+        None
+    }
+}

src/screenshot_ui.rs

@@ -5,19 +5,21 @@ use std::mem;
 
 use anyhow::Context;
 use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use niri_config::Action;
 use smithay::backend::allocator::Fourcc;
 use smithay::backend::input::{ButtonState, MouseButton};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::solid::{SolidColorBuffer, SolidColorRenderElement};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::texture::{TextureBuffer, TextureRenderElement};
-use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Kind;
-use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{GlesRenderer, GlesTexture};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::{Element, Id, Kind, RenderElement, UnderlyingStorage};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{GlesError, GlesFrame, GlesRenderer, GlesTexture};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::utils::CommitCounter;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::ExportMem;
 use smithay::input::keyboard::{Keysym, ModifiersState};
 use smithay::output::{Output, WeakOutput};
-use smithay::render_elements;
-use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size, Transform};
+use smithay::utils::{Buffer, Physical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size, Transform};
 
-use crate::config::Action;
+use crate::backend::tty::{TtyFrame, TtyRenderer, TtyRendererError};
+use crate::render_helpers::PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement;
 
 const BORDER: i32 = 2;
 
@@ -45,11 +47,10 @@ pub struct OutputData {
     locations: [Point<i32, Physical>; 8],
 }
 
-render_elements! {
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub ScreenshotUiRenderElement<R>;
-    Screenshot = TextureRenderElement<R::TextureId>,
-    SolidColor = SolidColorRenderElement,
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    Screenshot(PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement),
+    SolidColor(SolidColorRenderElement),
 }
 
 impl ScreenshotUi {
@@ -236,10 +237,7 @@ impl ScreenshotUi {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn render_output(
-        &self,
-        output: &Output,
-    ) -> ArrayVec<ScreenshotUiRenderElement<GlesRenderer>, 9> {
+    pub fn render_output(&self, output: &Output) -> ArrayVec<ScreenshotUiRenderElement, 9> {
         let _span = tracy_client::span!("ScreenshotUi::render_output");
 
         let Self::Open { output_data, .. } = self else {
@@ -266,14 +264,14 @@ impl ScreenshotUi {
 
         // The screenshot itself goes last.
         elements.push(
-            TextureRenderElement::from_texture_buffer(
+            PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement(TextureRenderElement::from_texture_buffer(
                 (0., 0.),
                 &output_data.texture_buffer,
                 None,
                 None,
                 None,
                 Kind::Unspecified,
-            )
+            ))
             .into(),
         );
 
@@ -446,3 +444,138 @@ pub fn rect_from_corner_points(
     let y2 = max(a.y, b.y);
     Rectangle::from_extemities((x1, y1), (x2 + scale, y2 + scale))
 }
+
+// Manual RenderElement implementation due to AsGlesFrame requirement.
+impl Element for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn id(&self) -> &Id {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.id(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.id(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn current_commit(&self) -> CommitCounter {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.current_commit(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.current_commit(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn geometry(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Rectangle<i32, Physical> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.geometry(scale),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.geometry(scale),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn transform(&self) -> Transform {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.transform(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.transform(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn src(&self) -> Rectangle<f64, Buffer> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.src(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.src(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn damage_since(
+        &self,
+        scale: Scale<f64>,
+        commit: Option<CommitCounter>,
+    ) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.damage_since(scale, commit),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.damage_since(scale, commit),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn opaque_regions(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.opaque_regions(scale),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.opaque_regions(scale),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn alpha(&self) -> f32 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.alpha(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.alpha(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.kind(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.kind(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RenderElement<GlesRenderer> for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut GlesFrame<'_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), GlesError> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(&self, _renderer: &mut GlesRenderer) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        // If scanout for things other than Wayland buffers is implemented, this will need to take
+        // the target GPU into account.
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'render, 'alloc> RenderElement<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>> for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut TtyFrame<'render, 'alloc, '_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), TtyRendererError<'render, 'alloc>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(
+        &self,
+        _renderer: &mut TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>,
+    ) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        // If scanout for things other than Wayland buffers is implemented, this will need to take
+        // the target GPU into account.
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SolidColorRenderElement> for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn from(x: SolidColorRenderElement) -> Self {
+        Self::SolidColor(x)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement> for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn from(x: PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement) -> Self {
+        Self::Screenshot(x)
+    }
+}

src/utils.rs

@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 
 use anyhow::{ensure, Context};
 use directories::UserDirs;
+use niri_config::Config;
+use smithay::output::Output;
 use smithay::reexports::rustix::time::{clock_gettime, ClockId};
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle};
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Size};
 
-use crate::config::Config;
+pub fn clone2<T: Clone, U: Clone>(t: (&T, &U)) -> (T, U) {
+    (t.0.clone(), t.1.clone())
+}
 
 pub fn get_monotonic_time() -> Duration {
     let ts = clock_gettime(ClockId::Monotonic);
@@ -25,6 +29,16 @@ pub fn center(rect: Rectangle<i32, Logical>) -> Point<i32, Logical> {
     rect.loc + rect.size.downscale(2).to_point()
 }
 
+pub fn output_size(output: &Output) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+    let output_scale = output.current_scale().integer_scale();
+    let output_transform = output.current_transform();
+    let output_mode = output.current_mode().unwrap();
+
+    output_transform
+        .transform_size(output_mode.size)
+        .to_logical(output_scale)
+}
+
 pub fn make_screenshot_path(config: &Config) -> anyhow::Result<Option<PathBuf>> {
     let Some(path) = &config.screenshot_path else {
         return Ok(None);