Bump version to 0.1.0

Try harder to find an output for the screenshot UI
The mouse might be outside any outputs, let's try to open in that case anyway.
2026-06-21 02:01:55 +07:00 · 2024-01-27 14:10:31 +04:00 · 2024-01-27 14:09:55 +04:00 · 2024-01-27 10:50:40 +04:00 · 2024-01-25 08:34:42 +04:00 · 2024-01-25 08:02:33 +04:00
47 changed files with 12071 additions and 6090 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+---
+name: Bug report
+about: Report a bug or a crash
+title: ''
+labels: bug
+assignees: ''
+
+---
+
+<!-- Please describe the issue here at the top, then fill in the system information below. -->
+
+### System Information
+
+<!-- Paste the output of `niri -V`, e.g. niri 0.1.0-beta.1 (v0.1.0-beta.1) -->
+* niri version: 
+
+<!-- Write your GPU vendor and model, e.g. AMD RX 6700M -->
+* GPU: 
+
+<!-- Write your CPU vendor and model, e.g. AMD Ryzen 7 6800H -->
+* CPU:
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+contact_links:
+  - name: Feature request
+    url: https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/discussions/new?category=ideas
+    about: Ideas for new features and functionality (start a Discussion)
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ jobs:
          sudo apt-get install -y software-properties-common
          sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:pipewire-debian/pipewire-upstream
          sudo apt-get update -y
-          sudo apt-get install -y libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev
+          sudo apt-get install -y libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev libpango1.0-dev

      - name: Install Rust
        run: |
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ jobs:
          sudo apt-get install -y software-properties-common
          sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:pipewire-debian/pipewire-upstream
          sudo apt-get update -y
-          sudo apt-get install -y libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev
+          sudo apt-get install -y libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev libpango1.0-dev

      - name: Install Rust
        run: |
@@ -107,3 +107,20 @@ jobs:
      - name: Run rustfmt
        run: cargo fmt --all -- --check

+  fedora:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    container: fedora:39
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          show-progress: false
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: |
+          sudo dnf update -y
+          sudo dnf install -y cargo gcc libudev-devel libgbm-devel libxkbcommon-devel wayland-devel libinput-devel dbus-devel systemd-devel libseat-devel pipewire-devel pango-devel cairo-gobject-devel clang
+
+      - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
+      - run: cargo build
+
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 /target
+/result
@@ -1,48 +1,75 @@
-[package]
-name = "niri"
-version = "0.1.0-alpha.1"
+[workspace.package]
+version = "0.1.0"
 description = "A scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor"
 authors = ["Ivan Molodetskikh <yalterz@gmail.com>"]
 license = "GPL-3.0-or-later"
 edition = "2021"
-
-readme = "README.md"
 repository = "https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri"
-keywords = ["wayland", "compositor", "tiling", "smithay", "wm"]

-[dependencies]
-anyhow = { version = "1.0.75" }
-arrayvec = "0.7.4"
-async-channel = { version = "2.1.0", optional = true }
-async-io = { version = "1.13.0", optional = true }
-bitflags = "2.4.1"
-clap = { version = "4.4.8", features = ["derive"] }
+[workspace.dependencies]
+bitflags = "2.4.2"
 directories = "5.0.1"
-git-version = "0.3.8"
-keyframe = { version = "1.1.1", default-features = false }
-knuffel = "3.2.0"
-libc = "0.2.150"
-logind-zbus = { version = "3.1.2", optional = true }
-log = { version = "0.4.20", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
-miette = "5.10.0"
-notify-rust = { version = "4.10.0", optional = true }
-pipewire = { version = "0.7.2", optional = true }
-png = "0.17.10"
-portable-atomic = { version = "1.5.1", default-features = false, features = ["float"] }
-profiling = "1.0.11"
-sd-notify = "0.4.1"
-serde = { version = "1.0.193", features = ["derive"] }
-tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
+serde = { version = "1.0.195", features = ["derive"] }
 tracing = { version = "0.1.40", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
-tracy-client = { version = "0.16.4", default-features = false }
-url = { version = "2.5.0", optional = true }
-xcursor = "0.3.4"
-zbus = { version = "3.14.1", optional = true }
+tracy-client = { version = "0.16.5", default-features = false }

-[dependencies.smithay]
+[workspace.dependencies.smithay]
 git = "https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git"
 # path = "../smithay"
 default-features = false
+
+[workspace.dependencies.smithay-drm-extras]
+git = "https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git"
+# path = "../smithay/smithay-drm-extras"
+
+[package]
+name = "niri"
+version.workspace = true
+description.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+
+readme = "README.md"
+keywords = ["wayland", "compositor", "tiling", "smithay", "wm"]
+
+[dependencies]
+anyhow = { version = "1.0.79" }
+arrayvec = "0.7.4"
+async-channel = { version = "2.1.1", optional = true }
+async-io = { version = "1.13.0", optional = true }
+bitflags = "2.4.2"
+calloop = { version = "0.12.4", features = ["executor", "futures-io"] }
+clap = { version = "4.4.18", features = ["derive", "string"] }
+directories = "5.0.1"
+futures-util = { version = "0.3.30", default-features = false, features = ["std", "io"] }
+git-version = "0.3.9"
+keyframe = { version = "1.1.1", default-features = false }
+libc = "0.2.152"
+log = { version = "0.4.20", features = ["max_level_trace", "release_max_level_debug"] }
+logind-zbus = { version = "3.1.2", optional = true }
+niri-config = { version = "0.1.0", path = "niri-config" }
+niri-ipc = { version = "0.1.0", path = "niri-ipc" }
+notify-rust = { version = "4.10.0", optional = true }
+pangocairo = "0.18.0"
+pipewire = { version = "0.7.2", optional = true }
+png = "0.17.11"
+portable-atomic = { version = "1.6.0", default-features = false, features = ["float"] }
+profiling = "1.0.13"
+sd-notify = "0.4.1"
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json = "1.0.111"
+smithay-drm-extras.workspace = true
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.18", features = ["env-filter"] }
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracy-client.workspace = true
+url = { version = "2.5.0", optional = true }
+xcursor = "0.3.5"
+zbus = { version = "3.14.1", optional = true }
+
+[dependencies.smithay]
+workspace = true
 features = [
    "backend_drm",
    "backend_egl",
@@ -52,17 +79,13 @@ features = [
    "backend_udev",
    "backend_winit",
    "desktop",
-    "libinput_1_19",
    "renderer_gl",
+    "renderer_pixman",
    "renderer_multi",
    "use_system_lib",
    "wayland_frontend",
 ]

-[dependencies.smithay-drm-extras]
-git = "https://github.com/Smithay/smithay.git"
-# path = "../smithay/smithay-drm-extras"
-
 [dev-dependencies]
 proptest = "1.4.0"
 proptest-derive = "0.4.0"
@@ -81,7 +104,12 @@ debug = "line-tables-only"
 overflow-checks = true
 lto = "thin"

+[profile.release.package.niri-config]
+# knuffel with chomsky generates a metric ton of debuginfo.
+debug = false
+
 [package.metadata.generate-rpm]
+version = "0.1.0"
 assets = [
    { source = "target/release/niri", dest = "/usr/bin/", mode = "755" },
    { source = "resources/niri-session", dest = "/usr/bin/", mode = "755" },
@@ -1,38 +1,65 @@
-# niri
+<h1 align="center">niri</h1>
+<p align="center">A scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor.</p>
+<p align="center">
+    <a href="https://matrix.to/#/#niri:matrix.org"><img alt="Matrix" src="https://img.shields.io/matrix/niri%3Amatrix.org?logo=matrix&label=matrix"></a>
+    <a href="https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/blob/main/LICENSE"><img alt="GitHub License" src="https://img.shields.io/github/license/YaLTeR/niri"></a>
+    <a href="https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/releases"><img alt="GitHub Release" src="https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/YaLTeR/niri?logo=github"></a>
+</p>

-A scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor.
+![](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/assets/1794388/16f87a4a-afac-49aa-b3e6-5e6f16c943a9)

-![](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/assets/1794388/e35fd9e1-105b-4bd5-94c9-207fd6fb3c18)
+## About
+
+Windows are arranged in columns on an infinite strip going to the right.
+Opening a new window never causes existing windows to resize.
+
+Every monitor has its own separate window strip.
+Windows can never "overflow" onto an adjacent monitor.
+
+Workspaces are dynamic and arranged vertically.
+Every monitor has an independent set of workspaces, and there's always one empty workspace present all the way down.
+
+The workspace arrangement is preserved across disconnecting and connecting monitors where it makes sense.
+When a monitor disconnects, its workspaces will move to another monitor, but upon reconnection they will move back to the original monitor.
+
+## Features
+
+- Scrollable tiling
+- Dynamic workspaces like in GNOME
+- Built-in screenshot UI
+- Monitor screencasting through xdg-desktop-portal-gnome
+- Touchpad gesture to switch workspaces
+- Configurable layout: gaps, borders, struts, window sizes
+- Live-reloading config
+
+## Video Demo
+
+https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/assets/1794388/5d355694-7b06-4f00-8920-8dce54a8721c

 ## Status

 A lot of the essential functionality is implemented, plus some goodies on top.
 Feel free to give niri a try.
-Have your waybars and fuzzels ready: niri is not a complete desktop environment.
+Have your [waybar]s and [fuzzel]s ready: niri is not a complete desktop environment.

-https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/assets/1794388/5d355694-7b06-4f00-8920-8dce54a8721c
+Note that NVIDIA GPUs might have rendering issues.

-## Idea
+## Inspiration

-Niri implements scrollable tiling, heavily inspired by [PaperWM].
-Windows are arranged in columns on an infinite strip going to the right.
-Every column takes up a full monitor worth of height, divided among its windows.
+Niri is heavily inspired by [PaperWM] which implements scrollable tiling on top of GNOME Shell.

-With multiple monitors, every monitor has its own separate window strip.
-Windows can never "overflow" onto an adjacent monitor.
-
-This is one of the reasons that prompted me to try writing my own compositor.
-PaperWM is a solid implementation, but, being a GNOME Shell extension, it has to work around Shell's global window coordinate space to prevent windows from overflowing.
-
-Niri also has dynamic workspaces which work similar to GNOME Shell.
-Since windows go left-to-right horizontally, workspaces are arranged vertically.
-Every monitor has an independent set of workspaces, and there's always one empty workspace present all the way down.
-
-Niri tries to preserve the workspace arrangement as much as possible upon disconnecting and connecting monitors.
-When a monitor disconnects, its workspaces will move to another monitor, but upon reconnection they will move back to the original monitor.
+One of the reasons that prompted me to try writing my own compositor is being able to properly separate the monitors.
+Being a GNOME Shell extension, PaperWM has to work against Shell's global window coordinate space to prevent windows from overflowing.

 ## Building

+> [!TIP]
+> For Fedora users, there's a COPR with built and packaged niri: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/yalter/niri/
+>
+> NixOS users, check out https://github.com/sodiboo/niri-flake
+>
+> For Arch users, there's an AUR package: https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/niri
+
 First, install the dependencies for your distribution.

 - Ubuntu:
@@ -41,16 +68,28 @@ First, install the dependencies for your distribution.
    sudo apt-get install -y software-properties-common
    sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:pipewire-debian/pipewire-upstream
    sudo apt-get update -y
-    sudo apt-get install -y libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev
+    sudo apt-get install -y libudev-dev libgbm-dev libxkbcommon-dev libegl1-mesa-dev libwayland-dev libinput-dev libdbus-1-dev libsystemd-dev libseat-dev libpipewire-0.3-dev libpango1.0-dev
    ```

 - Fedora:

    ```sh
-    sudo dnf install gcc libudev-devel libgbm-devel libxkbcommon-devel wayland-devel libinput-devel dbus-devel systemd-devel libseat-devel pipewire-devel clang
+    sudo dnf install gcc libudev-devel libgbm-devel libxkbcommon-devel wayland-devel libinput-devel dbus-devel systemd-devel libseat-devel pipewire-devel pango-devel cairo-gobject-devel clang
    ```

-Next, build niri with `cargo build --release`.
+Next, get latest stable Rust: https://rustup.rs/
+
+Then, build niri with `cargo build --release`.
+
+### NixOS/Nix
+
+We have a community-maintained flake which provides a devshell with required dependencies. Use `nix build` to build niri, and then run `./results/bin/niri`.
+    
+If you're not on NixOS, you may need [NixGL](https://github.com/nix-community/nixGL) to run the resulting binary:
+
+```
+nix run --impure github:guibou/nixGL -- ./results/bin/niri
+```

 ## Installation

@@ -84,10 +123,28 @@ Starting it from there will run niri as a desktop session.

 The niri session will autostart apps through the systemd xdg-autostart target.
 You can also autostart systemd services like [mako] by symlinking them into `$HOME/.config/systemd/user/niri.service.wants/`.
+A step-by-step process for this is explained [on the wiki](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Example-systemd-Setup).

 Niri also works with some parts of xdg-desktop-portal-gnome.
 In particular, it supports file choosers and monitor screencasting (e.g. to [OBS]).

+[This wiki page](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Important-Software) explains how to run important software required for normal desktop use, including portals.
+
+### Xwayland
+
+See [the wiki page](https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri/wiki/Xwayland) to learn how to use Xwayland with niri.
+
+### IPC
+
+You can communicate with the running niri instance over an IPC socket.
+Check `niri msg --help` for available commands.
+
+The `--json` flag prints the response in JSON, rather than formatted.
+For example, `niri msg --json outputs`.
+
+For programmatic access, check the [niri-ipc sub-crate](./niri-ipc/) which defines the types.
+The communication over the IPC socket happens in JSON.
+
 ## Default Hotkeys

 When running on a TTY, the Mod key is <kbd>Super</kbd>.
@@ -97,6 +154,7 @@ The general system is: if a hotkey switches somewhere, then adding <kbd>Ctrl</kb

 | Hotkey | Description |
 | ------ | ----------- |
+| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>/</kbd> | Show a list of important niri hotkeys |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>T</kbd> | Spawn `alacritty` (terminal) |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>D</kbd> | Spawn `fuzzel` (application launcher) |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Alt</kbd><kbd>L</kbd> | Spawn `swaylock` (screen locker) |
@@ -109,14 +167,16 @@ The general system is: if a hotkey switches somewhere, then adding <kbd>Ctrl</kb
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>L</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>→</kbd> | Move the focused column to the right |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>J</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>↓</kbd> | Move the focused window below in a column |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>K</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>↑</kbd> | Move the focused window above in a column |
+| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Home</kbd> and <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>End</kbd> | Focus the first or the last column |
+| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>Home</kbd> and <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>End</kbd> | Move the focused column to the very start or to the very end |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>H</kbd><kbd>J</kbd><kbd>K</kbd><kbd>L</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>←</kbd><kbd>↓</kbd><kbd>↑</kbd><kbd>→</kbd> | Focus the monitor to the side |
-| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>H</kbd><kbd>J</kbd><kbd>K</kbd><kbd>L</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>←</kbd><kbd>↓</kbd><kbd>↑</kbd><kbd>→</kbd> | Move the focused window to the monitor to the side |
+| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>H</kbd><kbd>J</kbd><kbd>K</kbd><kbd>L</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>←</kbd><kbd>↓</kbd><kbd>↑</kbd><kbd>→</kbd> | Move the focused column to the monitor to the side |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>U</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>PageDown</kbd> | Switch to the workspace below |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>I</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>PageUp</kbd> | Switch to the workspace above |
-| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>U</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>PageDown</kbd> | Move the focused window to the workspace below |
-| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>I</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>PageUp</kbd> | Move the focused window to the workspace above |
+| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>U</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>PageDown</kbd> | Move the focused column to the workspace below |
+| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>I</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>PageUp</kbd> | Move the focused column to the workspace above |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>1</kbd>–<kbd>9</kbd> | Switch to a workspace by index |
-| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>1</kbd>–<kbd>9</kbd> | Move the focused window to a workspace by index |
+| <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Ctrl</kbd><kbd>1</kbd>–<kbd>9</kbd> | Move the focused column to a workspace by index |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>U</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>PageDown</kbd> | Move the focused workspace down |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>I</kbd> or <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>Shift</kbd><kbd>PageUp</kbd> | Move the focused workspace up |
 | <kbd>Mod</kbd><kbd>,</kbd> | Consume the window to the right into the focused column |
@@ -141,11 +201,15 @@ Niri will load configuration from `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/.config/niri/config.kdl` or
 If this fails, it will load [the default configuration file](resources/default-config.kdl).
 Please use the default configuration file as the starting point for your custom configuration.

-Niri will live-reload many of the configuration settings, like key binds or gaps, as you change the config file.
-Though, some settings are still missing live-reload support.
-Notably, output modes and positions will only apply when the output is reconnected.
+Niri will live-reload most of the configuration settings, like key binds or gaps or output modes, as you change the config file.
+
+## Contact
+
+We have a Matrix chat, feel free to join and ask a question: https://matrix.to/#/#niri:matrix.org

 [PaperWM]: https://github.com/paperwm/PaperWM
 [mako]: https://github.com/emersion/mako
 [OBS]: https://flathub.org/apps/com.obsproject.Studio
+[waybar]: https://github.com/Alexays/Waybar
+[fuzzel]: https://codeberg.org/dnkl/fuzzel

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+{
+  "nodes": {
+    "crane": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ]
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1702918879,
+        "narHash": "sha256-tWJqzajIvYcaRWxn+cLUB9L9Pv4dQ3Bfit/YjU5ze3g=",
+        "owner": "ipetkov",
+        "repo": "crane",
+        "rev": "7195c00c272fdd92fc74e7d5a0a2844b9fadb2fb",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "ipetkov",
+        "repo": "crane",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "fenix": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "nixpkgs": [
+          "nixpkgs"
+        ],
+        "rust-analyzer-src": "rust-analyzer-src"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1701411808,
+        "narHash": "sha256-K8QDx8UgbvGdENuvPvcsCXcd8brd55OkRDFLBT7xUVY=",
+        "owner": "nix-community",
+        "repo": "fenix",
+        "rev": "3776d0e2a30184cc6a0ba20fb86dc6df5b41fccd",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "nix-community",
+        "ref": "monthly",
+        "repo": "fenix",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "flake-utils": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "systems": "systems"
+      },
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1701680307,
+        "narHash": "sha256-kAuep2h5ajznlPMD9rnQyffWG8EM/C73lejGofXvdM8=",
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "flake-utils",
+        "rev": "4022d587cbbfd70fe950c1e2083a02621806a725",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "flake-utils",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nix-filter": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1701697642,
+        "narHash": "sha256-L217WytWZHSY8GW9Gx1A64OnNctbuDbfslaTEofXXRw=",
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "nix-filter",
+        "rev": "c843418ecfd0344ecb85844b082ff5675e02c443",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "numtide",
+        "repo": "nix-filter",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "nixpkgs": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1702900294,
+        "narHash": "sha256-pt7sSoJYNw3n8YtXw0Z/Nnr6/PfY2YrjDvqboErXnRM=",
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "rev": "886c9aee6ca9324e127f9c2c4e6f68c2641c8256",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "NixOS",
+        "ref": "nixpkgs-unstable",
+        "repo": "nixpkgs",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "root": {
+      "inputs": {
+        "crane": "crane",
+        "fenix": "fenix",
+        "flake-utils": "flake-utils",
+        "nix-filter": "nix-filter",
+        "nixpkgs": "nixpkgs"
+      }
+    },
+    "rust-analyzer-src": {
+      "flake": false,
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1701372675,
+        "narHash": "sha256-MSHhnAoLjJuoPxzsTzBOzNhjhlCTHPs4nvkPAZVV1eY=",
+        "owner": "rust-lang",
+        "repo": "rust-analyzer",
+        "rev": "c9d189d1375e59a6c9b4d62fdede94ade001f6ee",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "rust-lang",
+        "ref": "nightly",
+        "repo": "rust-analyzer",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    },
+    "systems": {
+      "locked": {
+        "lastModified": 1681028828,
+        "narHash": "sha256-Vy1rq5AaRuLzOxct8nz4T6wlgyUR7zLU309k9mBC768=",
+        "owner": "nix-systems",
+        "repo": "default",
+        "rev": "da67096a3b9bf56a91d16901293e51ba5b49a27e",
+        "type": "github"
+      },
+      "original": {
+        "owner": "nix-systems",
+        "repo": "default",
+        "type": "github"
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "root": "root",
+  "version": 7
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# This flake file is community maintained
+# Maintainers:
+#   Bill Sun (github/billksun)
+{
+  description = "Niri: A scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor.";
+
+  inputs = {
+    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-unstable";
+    crane = {
+      url = "github:ipetkov/crane";
+      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
+    };
+    flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils";
+    nix-filter.url = "github:numtide/nix-filter";
+    fenix = {
+      url = "github:nix-community/fenix/monthly";
+      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
+    };
+  };
+
+  outputs = {
+    self,
+    nixpkgs,
+    crane,
+    nix-filter,
+    flake-utils,
+    fenix,
+    ...
+  }: let
+    systems = ["aarch64-linux" "x86_64-linux"];
+  in
+    flake-utils.lib.eachSystem systems (
+      system: let
+        pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.${system};
+        toolchain = fenix.packages.${system}.complete.toolchain;
+        craneLib = crane.lib.${system}.overrideToolchain toolchain;
+
+        craneArgs = {
+          pname = "niri";
+          version = self.rev or "dirty";
+
+          src = nix-filter.lib.filter {
+            root = ./.;
+            include = [
+              ./src
+              ./niri-config
+              ./niri-ipc
+              ./Cargo.toml
+              ./Cargo.lock
+              ./resources
+            ];
+          };
+
+          nativeBuildInputs = with pkgs; [
+            pkg-config
+            autoPatchelfHook
+            clang
+          ];
+
+          buildInputs = with pkgs; [
+            wayland
+            systemd # For libudev
+            seatd # For libseat
+            libxkbcommon
+            libinput
+            mesa # For libgbm
+            fontconfig
+            stdenv.cc.cc.lib
+            pipewire
+            pango
+          ];
+
+          runtimeDependencies = with pkgs; [
+            wayland
+            mesa
+            libglvnd # For libEGL
+          ];
+
+          LIBCLANG_PATH = "${pkgs.libclang.lib}/lib";
+        };
+
+        cargoArtifacts = craneLib.buildDepsOnly craneArgs;
+        niri = craneLib.buildPackage (craneArgs // {inherit cargoArtifacts;});
+      in {
+        formatter = pkgs.alejandra;
+
+        checks.niri = niri;
+        packages.default = niri;
+
+        devShells.default = pkgs.mkShell.override {stdenv = pkgs.clangStdenv;} {
+          inherit (niri) nativeBuildInputs buildInputs LIBCLANG_PATH;
+          packages = niri.runtimeDependencies;
+
+          # Force linking to libEGL, which is always dlopen()ed, and to
+          # libwayland-client, which is always dlopen()ed except by the
+          # obscure winit backend.
+          RUSTFLAGS = map (a: "-C link-arg=${a}") [
+            "-Wl,--push-state,--no-as-needed"
+            "-lEGL"
+            "-lwayland-client"
+            "-Wl,--pop-state"
+          ];
+        };
+      }
+    );
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+name = "niri-config"
+version.workspace = true
+description.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+bitflags.workspace = true
+knuffel = "3.2.0"
+miette = "5.10.0"
+smithay.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+tracy-client.workspace = true
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate tracing;
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::str::FromStr;

 use bitflags::bitflags;
-use directories::ProjectDirs;
-use miette::{miette, Context, IntoDiagnostic};
+use miette::{miette, Context, IntoDiagnostic, NarratableReportHandler};
 use smithay::input::keyboard::keysyms::KEY_NoSymbol;
 use smithay::input::keyboard::xkb::{keysym_from_name, KEYSYM_CASE_INSENSITIVE};
-use smithay::input::keyboard::Keysym;
+use smithay::input::keyboard::{Keysym, XkbConfig};
+use smithay::reexports::input;

 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Config {
@@ -17,17 +20,11 @@ pub struct Config {
    #[knuffel(children(name = "spawn-at-startup"))]
    pub spawn_at_startup: Vec<SpawnAtStartup>,
    #[knuffel(child, default)]
-    pub focus_ring: FocusRing,
+    pub layout: Layout,
    #[knuffel(child, default)]
    pub prefer_no_csd: bool,
    #[knuffel(child, default)]
    pub cursor: Cursor,
-    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(children), default)]
-    pub preset_column_widths: Vec<PresetWidth>,
-    #[knuffel(child)]
-    pub default_column_width: Option<DefaultColumnWidth>,
-    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default = 16)]
-    pub gaps: u16,
    #[knuffel(
        child,
        unwrap(argument),
@@ -37,6 +34,8 @@ pub struct Config {
    ]
    pub screenshot_path: Option<String>,
    #[knuffel(child, default)]
+    pub hotkey_overlay: HotkeyOverlay,
+    #[knuffel(child, default)]
    pub binds: Binds,
    #[knuffel(child, default)]
    pub debug: DebugConfig,
@@ -50,7 +49,11 @@ pub struct Input {
    #[knuffel(child, default)]
    pub touchpad: Touchpad,
    #[knuffel(child, default)]
+    pub mouse: Mouse,
+    #[knuffel(child, default)]
    pub tablet: Tablet,
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub disable_power_key_handling: bool,
 }

 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -66,7 +69,7 @@ pub struct Keyboard {
    pub track_layout: TrackLayout,
 }

-#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
 pub struct Xkb {
    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default)]
    pub rules: String,
@@ -80,6 +83,30 @@ pub struct Xkb {
    pub options: Option<String>,
 }

+impl Xkb {
+    pub fn to_xkb_config(&self) -> XkbConfig {
+        XkbConfig {
+            rules: &self.rules,
+            model: &self.model,
+            layout: self.layout.as_deref().unwrap_or("us"),
+            variant: &self.variant,
+            options: self.options.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(knuffel::DecodeScalar, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum CenterFocusedColumn {
+    /// Focusing a column will not center the column.
+    #[default]
+    Never,
+    /// The focused column will always be centered.
+    Always,
+    /// Focusing a column will center it if it doesn't fit on the screen together with the
+    /// previously focused column.
+    OnOverflow,
+}
+
 #[derive(knuffel::DecodeScalar, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum TrackLayout {
    /// The layout change is global.
@@ -95,9 +122,55 @@ pub struct Touchpad {
    #[knuffel(child)]
    pub tap: bool,
    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub dwt: bool,
+    #[knuffel(child)]
    pub natural_scroll: bool,
    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default)]
    pub accel_speed: f64,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument, str))]
+    pub accel_profile: Option<AccelProfile>,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument, str))]
+    pub tap_button_map: Option<TapButtonMap>,
+}
+
+#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Mouse {
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub natural_scroll: bool,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default)]
+    pub accel_speed: f64,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument, str))]
+    pub accel_profile: Option<AccelProfile>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum AccelProfile {
+    Adaptive,
+    Flat,
+}
+
+impl From<AccelProfile> for input::AccelProfile {
+    fn from(value: AccelProfile) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            AccelProfile::Adaptive => Self::Adaptive,
+            AccelProfile::Flat => Self::Flat,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum TapButtonMap {
+    LeftRightMiddle,
+    LeftMiddleRight,
+}
+
+impl From<TapButtonMap> for input::TapButtonMap {
+    fn from(value: TapButtonMap) -> Self {
+        match value {
+            TapButtonMap::LeftRightMiddle => Self::LeftRightMiddle,
+            TapButtonMap::LeftMiddleRight => Self::LeftMiddleRight,
+        }
+    }
 }

 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
@@ -108,6 +181,8 @@ pub struct Tablet {

 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Output {
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub off: bool,
    #[knuffel(argument)]
    pub name: String,
    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default = 1.)]
@@ -121,6 +196,7 @@ pub struct Output {
 impl Default for Output {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
+            off: false,
            name: String::new(),
            scale: 1.,
            position: None,
@@ -129,7 +205,7 @@ impl Default for Output {
    }
 }

-#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct Position {
    #[knuffel(property)]
    pub x: i32,
@@ -137,13 +213,31 @@ pub struct Position {
    pub y: i32,
 }

-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Mode {
    pub width: u16,
    pub height: u16,
    pub refresh: Option<f64>,
 }

+#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Layout {
+    #[knuffel(child, default)]
+    pub focus_ring: FocusRing,
+    #[knuffel(child, default = default_border())]
+    pub border: FocusRing,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(children), default)]
+    pub preset_column_widths: Vec<PresetWidth>,
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub default_column_width: Option<DefaultColumnWidth>,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default)]
+    pub center_focused_column: CenterFocusedColumn,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default = 16)]
+    pub gaps: u16,
+    #[knuffel(child, default)]
+    pub struts: Struts,
+}
+
 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct SpawnAtStartup {
    #[knuffel(arguments)]
@@ -173,6 +267,15 @@ impl Default for FocusRing {
    }
 }

+pub const fn default_border() -> FocusRing {
+    FocusRing {
+        off: true,
+        width: 4,
+        active_color: Color::new(255, 200, 127, 255),
+        inactive_color: Color::new(80, 80, 80, 255),
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct Color {
    #[knuffel(argument)]
@@ -186,7 +289,7 @@ pub struct Color {
 }

 impl Color {
-    pub fn new(r: u8, g: u8, b: u8, a: u8) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new(r: u8, g: u8, b: u8, a: u8) -> Self {
        Self { r, g, b, a }
    }
 }
@@ -223,6 +326,24 @@ pub enum PresetWidth {
 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
 pub struct DefaultColumnWidth(#[knuffel(children)] pub Vec<PresetWidth>);

+#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Struts {
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default)]
+    pub left: u16,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default)]
+    pub right: u16,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default)]
+    pub top: u16,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument), default)]
+    pub bottom: u16,
+}
+
+#[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct HotkeyOverlay {
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub skip_at_startup: bool,
+}
+
 #[derive(knuffel::Decode, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
 pub struct Binds(#[knuffel(children)] pub Vec<Bind>);

@@ -271,12 +392,20 @@ pub enum Action {
    FullscreenWindow,
    FocusColumnLeft,
    FocusColumnRight,
+    FocusColumnFirst,
+    FocusColumnLast,
    FocusWindowDown,
    FocusWindowUp,
+    FocusWindowOrWorkspaceDown,
+    FocusWindowOrWorkspaceUp,
    MoveColumnLeft,
    MoveColumnRight,
+    MoveColumnToFirst,
+    MoveColumnToLast,
    MoveWindowDown,
    MoveWindowUp,
+    MoveWindowDownOrToWorkspaceDown,
+    MoveWindowUpOrToWorkspaceUp,
    ConsumeWindowIntoColumn,
    ExpelWindowFromColumn,
    CenterColumn,
@@ -286,6 +415,9 @@ pub enum Action {
    MoveWindowToWorkspaceDown,
    MoveWindowToWorkspaceUp,
    MoveWindowToWorkspace(#[knuffel(argument)] u8),
+    MoveColumnToWorkspaceDown,
+    MoveColumnToWorkspaceUp,
+    MoveColumnToWorkspace(#[knuffel(argument)] u8),
    MoveWorkspaceDown,
    MoveWorkspaceUp,
    FocusMonitorLeft,
@@ -296,11 +428,16 @@ pub enum Action {
    MoveWindowToMonitorRight,
    MoveWindowToMonitorDown,
    MoveWindowToMonitorUp,
+    MoveColumnToMonitorLeft,
+    MoveColumnToMonitorRight,
+    MoveColumnToMonitorDown,
+    MoveColumnToMonitorUp,
    SetWindowHeight(#[knuffel(argument, str)] SizeChange),
    SwitchPresetColumnWidth,
    MaximizeColumn,
    SetColumnWidth(#[knuffel(argument, str)] SizeChange),
    SwitchLayout(#[knuffel(argument)] LayoutAction),
+    ShowHotkeyOverlay,
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
@@ -329,6 +466,10 @@ pub struct DebugConfig {
    pub enable_color_transformations_capability: bool,
    #[knuffel(child)]
    pub enable_overlay_planes: bool,
+    #[knuffel(child)]
+    pub disable_cursor_plane: bool,
+    #[knuffel(child, unwrap(argument))]
+    pub render_drm_device: Option<PathBuf>,
 }

 impl Default for DebugConfig {
@@ -339,33 +480,30 @@ impl Default for DebugConfig {
            wait_for_frame_completion_before_queueing: false,
            enable_color_transformations_capability: false,
            enable_overlay_planes: false,
+            disable_cursor_plane: false,
+            render_drm_device: None,
        }
    }
 }

 impl Config {
-    pub fn load(path: Option<PathBuf>) -> miette::Result<(Self, PathBuf)> {
-        let path = if let Some(path) = path {
-            path
-        } else {
-            let mut path = ProjectDirs::from("", "", "niri")
-                .ok_or_else(|| miette!("error retrieving home directory"))?
-                .config_dir()
-                .to_owned();
-            path.push("config.kdl");
-            path
-        };
+    pub fn load(path: &Path) -> miette::Result<Self> {
+        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Config::load");
+        Self::load_internal(path).context("error loading config")
+    }

-        let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(&path)
+    fn load_internal(path: &Path) -> miette::Result<Self> {
+        let contents = std::fs::read_to_string(path)
            .into_diagnostic()
            .with_context(|| format!("error reading {path:?}"))?;

        let config = Self::parse("config.kdl", &contents).context("error parsing")?;
        debug!("loaded config from {path:?}");
-        Ok((config, path))
+        Ok(config)
    }

    pub fn parse(filename: &str, text: &str) -> Result<Self, knuffel::Error> {
+        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Config::parse");
        knuffel::parse(filename, text)
    }
 }
@@ -374,7 +512,7 @@ impl Default for Config {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Config::parse(
            "default-config.kdl",
-            include_str!("../resources/default-config.kdl"),
+            include_str!("../../resources/default-config.kdl"),
        )
        .unwrap()
    }
@@ -502,6 +640,38 @@ impl FromStr for SizeChange {
    }
 }

+impl FromStr for AccelProfile {
+    type Err = miette::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s {
+            "adaptive" => Ok(Self::Adaptive),
+            "flat" => Ok(Self::Flat),
+            _ => Err(miette!(
+                r#"invalid accel profile, can be "adaptive" or "flat""#
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for TapButtonMap {
+    type Err = miette::Error;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s {
+            "left-right-middle" => Ok(Self::LeftRightMiddle),
+            "left-middle-right" => Ok(Self::LeftMiddleRight),
+            _ => Err(miette!(
+                r#"invalid tap button map, can be "left-right-middle" or "left-middle-right""#
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn set_miette_hook() -> Result<(), miette::InstallError> {
+    miette::set_hook(Box::new(|_| Box::new(NarratableReportHandler::new())))
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use miette::NarratableReportHandler;
@@ -535,12 +705,23 @@ mod tests {

                touchpad {
                    tap
+                    dwt
                    accel-speed 0.2
+                    accel-profile "flat"
+                    tap-button-map "left-middle-right"
+                }
+
+                mouse {
+                    natural-scroll
+                    accel-speed 0.4
+                    accel-profile "flat"
                }

                tablet {
                    map-to-output "eDP-1"
                }
+
+                disable-power-key-handling
            }

            output "eDP-1" {
@@ -549,14 +730,41 @@ mod tests {
                mode "1920x1080@144"
            }

-            spawn-at-startup "alacritty" "-e" "fish"
+            layout {
+                focus-ring {
+                    width 5
+                    active-color 0 100 200 255
+                    inactive-color 255 200 100 0
+                }

-            focus-ring {
-                width 5
-                active-color 0 100 200 255
-                inactive-color 255 200 100 0
+                border {
+                    width 3
+                    active-color 0 100 200 255
+                    inactive-color 255 200 100 0
+                }
+
+                preset-column-widths {
+                    proportion 0.25
+                    proportion 0.5
+                    fixed 960
+                    fixed 1280
+                }
+
+                default-column-width { proportion 0.25; }
+
+                gaps 8
+
+                struts {
+                    left 1
+                    right 2
+                    top 3
+                }
+
+                center-focused-column "on-overflow"
            }

+            spawn-at-startup "alacritty" "-e" "fish"
+
            prefer-no-csd

            cursor {
@@ -564,19 +772,12 @@ mod tests {
                xcursor-size 16
            }

-            preset-column-widths {
-                proportion 0.25
-                proportion 0.5
-                fixed 960
-                fixed 1280
-            }
-
-            default-column-width { proportion 0.25; }
-
-            gaps 8
-
            screenshot-path "~/Screenshots/screenshot.png"

+            hotkey-overlay {
+                skip-at-startup
+            }
+
            binds {
                Mod+T { spawn "alacritty"; }
                Mod+Q { close-window; }
@@ -588,6 +789,7 @@ mod tests {

            debug {
                animation-slowdown 2.0
+                render-drm-device "/dev/dri/renderD129"
            }
            "#,
            Config {
@@ -604,14 +806,24 @@ mod tests {
                    },
                    touchpad: Touchpad {
                        tap: true,
+                        dwt: true,
                        natural_scroll: false,
                        accel_speed: 0.2,
+                        accel_profile: Some(AccelProfile::Flat),
+                        tap_button_map: Some(TapButtonMap::LeftMiddleRight),
+                    },
+                    mouse: Mouse {
+                        natural_scroll: true,
+                        accel_speed: 0.4,
+                        accel_profile: Some(AccelProfile::Flat),
                    },
                    tablet: Tablet {
                        map_to_output: Some("eDP-1".to_owned()),
                    },
+                    disable_power_key_handling: true,
                },
                outputs: vec![Output {
+                    off: false,
                    name: "eDP-1".to_owned(),
                    scale: 2.,
                    position: Some(Position { x: 10, y: 20 }),
@@ -621,39 +833,69 @@ mod tests {
                        refresh: Some(144.),
                    }),
                }],
+                layout: Layout {
+                    focus_ring: FocusRing {
+                        off: false,
+                        width: 5,
+                        active_color: Color {
+                            r: 0,
+                            g: 100,
+                            b: 200,
+                            a: 255,
+                        },
+                        inactive_color: Color {
+                            r: 255,
+                            g: 200,
+                            b: 100,
+                            a: 0,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    border: FocusRing {
+                        off: false,
+                        width: 3,
+                        active_color: Color {
+                            r: 0,
+                            g: 100,
+                            b: 200,
+                            a: 255,
+                        },
+                        inactive_color: Color {
+                            r: 255,
+                            g: 200,
+                            b: 100,
+                            a: 0,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    preset_column_widths: vec![
+                        PresetWidth::Proportion(0.25),
+                        PresetWidth::Proportion(0.5),
+                        PresetWidth::Fixed(960),
+                        PresetWidth::Fixed(1280),
+                    ],
+                    default_column_width: Some(DefaultColumnWidth(vec![PresetWidth::Proportion(
+                        0.25,
+                    )])),
+                    gaps: 8,
+                    struts: Struts {
+                        left: 1,
+                        right: 2,
+                        top: 3,
+                        bottom: 0,
+                    },
+                    center_focused_column: CenterFocusedColumn::OnOverflow,
+                },
                spawn_at_startup: vec![SpawnAtStartup {
                    command: vec!["alacritty".to_owned(), "-e".to_owned(), "fish".to_owned()],
                }],
-                focus_ring: FocusRing {
-                    off: false,
-                    width: 5,
-                    active_color: Color {
-                        r: 0,
-                        g: 100,
-                        b: 200,
-                        a: 255,
-                    },
-                    inactive_color: Color {
-                        r: 255,
-                        g: 200,
-                        b: 100,
-                        a: 0,
-                    },
-                },
                prefer_no_csd: true,
                cursor: Cursor {
                    xcursor_theme: String::from("breeze_cursors"),
                    xcursor_size: 16,
                },
-                preset_column_widths: vec![
-                    PresetWidth::Proportion(0.25),
-                    PresetWidth::Proportion(0.5),
-                    PresetWidth::Fixed(960),
-                    PresetWidth::Fixed(1280),
-                ],
-                default_column_width: Some(DefaultColumnWidth(vec![PresetWidth::Proportion(0.25)])),
-                gaps: 8,
                screenshot_path: Some(String::from("~/Screenshots/screenshot.png")),
+                hotkey_overlay: HotkeyOverlay {
+                    skip_at_startup: true,
+                },
                binds: Binds(vec![
                    Bind {
                        key: Key {
@@ -700,6 +942,7 @@ mod tests {
                ]),
                debug: DebugConfig {
                    animation_slowdown: 2.,
+                    render_drm_device: Some(PathBuf::from("/dev/dri/renderD129")),
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            },
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "niri-ipc"
+version.workspace = true
+description.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+serde.workspace = true
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+//! Types for communicating with niri via IPC.
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// Name of the environment variable containing the niri IPC socket path.
+pub const SOCKET_PATH_ENV: &str = "NIRI_SOCKET";
+
+/// Request from client to niri.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum Request {
+    /// Request information about connected outputs.
+    Outputs,
+}
+
+/// Response from niri to client.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum Response {
+    /// Information about connected outputs.
+    ///
+    /// Map from connector name to output info.
+    Outputs(HashMap<String, Output>),
+}
+
+/// Connected output.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
+pub struct Output {
+    /// Name of the output.
+    pub name: String,
+    /// Textual description of the manufacturer.
+    pub make: String,
+    /// Textual description of the model.
+    pub model: String,
+    /// Physical width and height of the output in millimeters, if known.
+    pub physical_size: Option<(u32, u32)>,
+    /// Available modes for the output.
+    pub modes: Vec<Mode>,
+    /// Index of the current mode in [`Self::modes`].
+    ///
+    /// `None` if the output is disabled.
+    pub current_mode: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+/// Output mode.
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Mode {
+    /// Width in physical pixels.
+    pub width: u16,
+    /// Height in physical pixels.
+    pub height: u16,
+    /// Refresh rate in millihertz.
+    pub refresh_rate: u32,
+}
@@ -27,8 +27,17 @@ input {
    // Omitting settings disables them, or leaves them at their default values.
    touchpad {
        tap
+        // dwt
        natural-scroll
        // accel-speed 0.2
+        // accel-profile "flat"
+        // tap-button-map "left-middle-right"
+    }
+
+    mouse {
+        // natural-scroll
+        // accel-speed 0.2
+        // accel-profile "flat"
    }

    tablet {
@@ -37,12 +46,22 @@ input {
        // existing outputs.
        map-to-output "eDP-1"
    }
+
+    // By default, niri will take over the power button to make it sleep
+    // instead of power off.
+    // Uncomment this if you would like to configure the power button elsewhere
+    // (i.e. logind.conf).
+    // disable-power-key-handling
 }

-// You can configure outputs by their name, which you can find with wayland-info(1).
+// You can configure outputs by their name, which you can find
+// by running `niri msg outputs` while inside a niri instance.
 // The built-in laptop monitor is usually called "eDP-1".
 // Remember to uncommend the node by removing "/-"!
 /-output "eDP-1" {
+    // Uncomment this line to disable this output.
+    // off
+
    // Scale is a floating-point number, but at the moment only integer values work.
    scale 2.0

@@ -51,7 +70,7 @@ input {
    // If the refresh rate is omitted, niri will pick the highest refresh rate
    // for the resolution.
    // If the mode is omitted altogether or is invalid, niri will pick one automatically.
-    // All valid modes are listed in niri's debug output when an output is connected.
+    // Run `niri msg outputs` while inside a niri instance to list all outputs and their modes.
    mode "1920x1080@144"

    // Position of the output in the global coordinate space.
@@ -66,26 +85,80 @@ input {
    position x=1280 y=0
 }

+layout {
+    // You can change how the focus ring looks.
+    focus-ring {
+        // Uncomment this line to disable the focus ring.
+        // off
+
+        // How many logical pixels the ring extends out from the windows.
+        width 4
+
+        // Color of the ring on the active monitor: red, green, blue, alpha.
+        active-color 127 200 255 255
+
+        // Color of the ring on inactive monitors: red, green, blue, alpha.
+        inactive-color 80 80 80 255
+    }
+
+    // You can also add a border. It's similar to the focus ring, but always visible.
+    border {
+        // The settings are the same as for the focus ring.
+        // If you enable the border, you probably want to disable the focus ring.
+        off
+
+        width 4
+        active-color 255 200 127 255
+        inactive-color 80 80 80 255
+    }
+
+    // You can customize the widths that "switch-preset-column-width" (Mod+R) toggles between.
+    preset-column-widths {
+        // Proportion sets the width as a fraction of the output width, taking gaps into account.
+        // For example, you can perfectly fit four windows sized "proportion 0.25" on an output.
+        // The default preset widths are 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 of the output.
+        proportion 0.33333
+        proportion 0.5
+        proportion 0.66667
+
+        // Fixed sets the width in logical pixels exactly.
+        // fixed 1920
+    }
+
+    // You can change the default width of the new windows.
+    default-column-width { proportion 0.5; }
+    // If you leave the brackets empty, the windows themselves will decide their initial width.
+    // default-column-width {}
+
+    // Set gaps around windows in logical pixels.
+    gaps 16
+
+    // Struts shrink the area occupied by windows, similarly to layer-shell panels.
+    // You can think of them as a kind of outer gaps. They are set in logical pixels.
+    // Left and right struts will cause the next window to the side to always be visible.
+    // Top and bottom struts will simply add outer gaps in addition to the area occupied by
+    // layer-shell panels and regular gaps.
+    struts {
+        // left 64
+        // right 64
+        // top 64
+        // bottom 64
+    }
+
+    // When to center a column when changing focus, options are:
+    // - "never", default behavior, focusing an off-screen column will keep at the left
+    //   or right edge of the screen.
+    // - "on-overflow", focusing a column will center it if it doesn't fit
+    //   together with the previously focused column.
+    // - "always", the focused column will always be centered.
+    center-focused-column "never"
+}
+
 // Add lines like this to spawn processes at startup.
 // Note that running niri as a session supports xdg-desktop-autostart,
 // which may be more convenient to use.
 // spawn-at-startup "alacritty" "-e" "fish"

-// You can change how the focus ring looks.
-focus-ring {
-    // Uncomment this line to disable the focus ring.
-    // off
-
-    // How many logical pixels the ring extends out from the windows.
-    width 4
-
-    // Color of the ring on the active monitor: red, green, blue, alpha.
-    active-color 127 200 255 255
-
-    // Color of the ring on inactive monitors: red, green, blue, alpha.
-    inactive-color 80 80 80 255
-}
-
 cursor {
    // Change the theme and size of the cursor as well as set the
    // `XCURSOR_THEME` and `XCURSOR_SIZE` env variables.
@@ -98,27 +171,6 @@ cursor {
 // Additionally, clients will be informed that they are tiled, removing some rounded corners.
 // prefer-no-csd

-// You can customize the widths that "switch-preset-column-width" (Mod+R) toggles between.
-preset-column-widths {
-    // Proportion sets the width as a fraction of the output width, taking gaps into account.
-    // For example, you can perfectly fit four windows sized "proportion 0.25" on an output.
-    // The default preset widths are 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 of the output.
-    proportion 0.333
-    proportion 0.5
-    proportion 0.667
-
-    // Fixed sets the width in logical pixels exactly.
-    // fixed 1920
-}
-
-// You can change the default width of the new windows.
-default-column-width { proportion 0.5; }
-// If you leave the brackets empty, the windows themselves will decide their initial width.
-// default-column-width {}
-
-// Set gaps around windows in logical pixels.
-gaps 16
-
 // You can change the path where screenshots are saved.
 // A ~ at the front will be expanded to the home directory.
 // The path is formatted with strftime(3) to give you the screenshot date and time.
@@ -127,6 +179,12 @@ screenshot-path "~/Pictures/Screenshots/Screenshot from %Y-%m-%d %H-%M-%S.png"
 // You can also set this to null to disable saving screenshots to disk.
 // screenshot-path null

+// Settings for the "Important Hotkeys" overlay.
+hotkey-overlay {
+    // Uncomment this line if you don't want to see the hotkey help at niri startup.
+    // skip-at-startup
+}
+
 binds {
    // Keys consist of modifiers separated by + signs, followed by an XKB key name
    // in the end. To find an XKB name for a particular key, you may use a program
@@ -135,66 +193,93 @@ binds {
    // "Mod" is a special modifier equal to Super when running on a TTY, and to Alt
    // when running as a winit window.

+    // Mod-Shift-/, which is usually the same as Mod-?,
+    // shows a list of important hotkeys.
+    Mod+Shift+Slash { show-hotkey-overlay; }
+
    // Suggested binds for running programs: terminal, app launcher, screen locker.
    Mod+T { spawn "alacritty"; }
    Mod+D { spawn "fuzzel"; }
    Mod+Alt+L { spawn "swaylock"; }

+    // You can also use a shell:
+    // Mod+T { spawn "bash" "-c" "notify-send hello && exec alacritty"; }
+
    // Example volume keys mappings for PipeWire & WirePlumber.
    XF86AudioRaiseVolume { spawn "wpctl" "set-volume" "@DEFAULT_AUDIO_SINK@" "0.1+"; }
    XF86AudioLowerVolume { spawn "wpctl" "set-volume" "@DEFAULT_AUDIO_SINK@" "0.1-"; }

    Mod+Q { close-window; }

-    Mod+H     { focus-column-left; }
-    Mod+J     { focus-window-down; }
-    Mod+K     { focus-window-up; }
-    Mod+L     { focus-column-right; }
    Mod+Left  { focus-column-left; }
    Mod+Down  { focus-window-down; }
    Mod+Up    { focus-window-up; }
    Mod+Right { focus-column-right; }
+    Mod+H     { focus-column-left; }
+    Mod+J     { focus-window-down; }
+    Mod+K     { focus-window-up; }
+    Mod+L     { focus-column-right; }

-    Mod+Ctrl+H     { move-column-left; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+J     { move-window-down; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+K     { move-window-up; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+L     { move-column-right; }
    Mod+Ctrl+Left  { move-column-left; }
    Mod+Ctrl+Down  { move-window-down; }
    Mod+Ctrl+Up    { move-window-up; }
    Mod+Ctrl+Right { move-column-right; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+H     { move-column-left; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+J     { move-window-down; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+K     { move-window-up; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+L     { move-column-right; }
+
+    // Alternative commands that move across workspaces when reaching
+    // the first or last window in a column.
+    // Mod+J     { focus-window-or-workspace-down; }
+    // Mod+K     { focus-window-or-workspace-up; }
+    // Mod+Ctrl+J     { move-window-down-or-to-workspace-down; }
+    // Mod+Ctrl+K     { move-window-up-or-to-workspace-up; }
+
+    Mod+Home { focus-column-first; }
+    Mod+End  { focus-column-last; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+Home { move-column-to-first; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+End  { move-column-to-last; }

-    Mod+Shift+H     { focus-monitor-left; }
-    Mod+Shift+J     { focus-monitor-down; }
-    Mod+Shift+K     { focus-monitor-up; }
-    Mod+Shift+L     { focus-monitor-right; }
    Mod+Shift+Left  { focus-monitor-left; }
    Mod+Shift+Down  { focus-monitor-down; }
    Mod+Shift+Up    { focus-monitor-up; }
    Mod+Shift+Right { focus-monitor-right; }
+    Mod+Shift+H     { focus-monitor-left; }
+    Mod+Shift+J     { focus-monitor-down; }
+    Mod+Shift+K     { focus-monitor-up; }
+    Mod+Shift+L     { focus-monitor-right; }

-    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+H     { move-window-to-monitor-left; }
-    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+J     { move-window-to-monitor-down; }
-    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+K     { move-window-to-monitor-up; }
-    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+L     { move-window-to-monitor-right; }
-    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+Left  { move-window-to-monitor-left; }
-    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+Down  { move-window-to-monitor-down; }
-    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+Up    { move-window-to-monitor-up; }
-    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+Right { move-window-to-monitor-right; }
+    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+Left  { move-column-to-monitor-left; }
+    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+Down  { move-column-to-monitor-down; }
+    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+Up    { move-column-to-monitor-up; }
+    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+Right { move-column-to-monitor-right; }
+    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+H     { move-column-to-monitor-left; }
+    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+J     { move-column-to-monitor-down; }
+    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+K     { move-column-to-monitor-up; }
+    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+L     { move-column-to-monitor-right; }
+
+    // Alternatively, there are commands to move just a single window:
+    // Mod+Shift+Ctrl+Left  { move-window-to-monitor-left; }
+    // ...

-    Mod+U              { focus-workspace-down; }
-    Mod+I              { focus-workspace-up; }
    Mod+Page_Down      { focus-workspace-down; }
    Mod+Page_Up        { focus-workspace-up; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+U         { move-window-to-workspace-down; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+I         { move-window-to-workspace-up; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+Page_Down { move-window-to-workspace-down; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+Page_Up   { move-window-to-workspace-up; }
+    Mod+U              { focus-workspace-down; }
+    Mod+I              { focus-workspace-up; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+Page_Down { move-column-to-workspace-down; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+Page_Up   { move-column-to-workspace-up; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+U         { move-column-to-workspace-down; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+I         { move-column-to-workspace-up; }
+
+    // Alternatively, there are commands to move just a single window:
+    // Mod+Ctrl+Page_Down { move-window-to-workspace-down; }
+    // ...

-    Mod+Shift+U         { move-workspace-down; }
-    Mod+Shift+I         { move-workspace-up; }
    Mod+Shift+Page_Down { move-workspace-down; }
    Mod+Shift+Page_Up   { move-workspace-up; }
+    Mod+Shift+U         { move-workspace-down; }
+    Mod+Shift+I         { move-workspace-up; }

    Mod+1 { focus-workspace 1; }
    Mod+2 { focus-workspace 2; }
@@ -205,15 +290,18 @@ binds {
    Mod+7 { focus-workspace 7; }
    Mod+8 { focus-workspace 8; }
    Mod+9 { focus-workspace 9; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+1 { move-window-to-workspace 1; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+2 { move-window-to-workspace 2; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+3 { move-window-to-workspace 3; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+4 { move-window-to-workspace 4; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+5 { move-window-to-workspace 5; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+6 { move-window-to-workspace 6; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+7 { move-window-to-workspace 7; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+8 { move-window-to-workspace 8; }
-    Mod+Ctrl+9 { move-window-to-workspace 9; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+1 { move-column-to-workspace 1; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+2 { move-column-to-workspace 2; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+3 { move-column-to-workspace 3; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+4 { move-column-to-workspace 4; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+5 { move-column-to-workspace 5; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+6 { move-column-to-workspace 6; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+7 { move-column-to-workspace 7; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+8 { move-column-to-workspace 8; }
+    Mod+Ctrl+9 { move-column-to-workspace 9; }
+
+    // Alternatively, there are commands to move just a single window:
+    // Mod+Ctrl+1 { move-window-to-workspace 1; }

    Mod+Comma  { consume-window-into-column; }
    Mod+Period { expel-window-from-column; }
@@ -255,3 +343,30 @@ binds {

    Mod+Shift+Ctrl+T { toggle-debug-tint; }
 }
+
+// Settings for debugging. Not meant for normal use.
+// These can change or stop working at any point with little notice.
+debug {
+    // Make niri take over its DBus services even if it's not running as a session.
+    // Useful for testing screen recording changes without having to relogin.
+    // The main niri instance will *not* currently take back the services; so you will
+    // need to relogin in the end.
+    // dbus-interfaces-in-non-session-instances
+
+    // Wait until every frame is done rendering before handing it over to DRM.
+    // wait-for-frame-completion-before-queueing
+
+    // Enable direct scanout into overlay planes.
+    // May cause frame drops during some animations on some hardware.
+    // enable-overlay-planes
+
+    // Disable the use of the cursor plane.
+    // The cursor will be rendered together with the rest of the frame.
+    // disable-cursor-plane
+
+    // Slow down animations by this factor.
+    // animation-slowdown 3.0
+
+    // Override the DRM device that niri will use for all rendering.
+    // render-drm-device "/dev/dri/renderD129"
+}
@@ -50,4 +50,9 @@ impl Animation {
    pub fn to(&self) -> f64 {
        self.to
    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn from(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.from
+    }
 }
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::time::Duration;

+use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
 use smithay::output::Output;
+use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;

 use crate::input::CompositorMod;
-use crate::niri::OutputRenderElements;
 use crate::Niri;

 pub mod tty;
@@ -26,8 +29,8 @@ pub enum RenderResult {
    Submitted,
    /// Rendering succeeded, but there was no damage.
    NoDamage,
-    /// An error has occurred, the frame was not submitted.
-    Error,
+    /// The frame was not rendered and submitted, due to an error or otherwise.
+    Skipped,
 }

 impl Backend {
@@ -45,10 +48,13 @@ impl Backend {
        }
    }

-    pub fn renderer(&mut self) -> Option<&mut GlesRenderer> {
+    pub fn with_primary_renderer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut GlesRenderer) -> T,
+    ) -> Option<T> {
        match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.renderer(),
-            Backend::Winit(winit) => Some(winit.renderer()),
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.with_primary_renderer(f),
+            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.with_primary_renderer(f),
        }
    }

@@ -56,12 +62,11 @@ impl Backend {
        &mut self,
        niri: &mut Niri,
        output: &Output,
-        elements: &[OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer>],
        target_presentation_time: Duration,
    ) -> RenderResult {
        match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.render(niri, output, elements, target_presentation_time),
-            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.render(niri, output, elements),
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.render(niri, output, target_presentation_time),
+            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.render(niri, output),
        }
    }

@@ -93,11 +98,32 @@ impl Backend {
        }
    }

-    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "dbus"), allow(unused))]
-    pub fn connectors(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>> {
+    pub fn import_dmabuf(&mut self, dmabuf: &Dmabuf) -> Result<(), ()> {
        match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.connectors(),
-            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.connectors(),
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.import_dmabuf(dmabuf),
+            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.import_dmabuf(dmabuf),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn early_import(&mut self, surface: &WlSurface) {
+        match self {
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.early_import(surface),
+            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ipc_outputs(&self) -> Rc<RefCell<HashMap<String, niri_ipc::Output>>> {
+        match self {
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.ipc_outputs(),
+            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.ipc_outputs(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(not(feature = "dbus"), allow(unused))]
+    pub fn enabled_outputs(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>> {
+        match self {
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.enabled_outputs(),
+            Backend::Winit(winit) => winit.enabled_outputs(),
        }
    }

@@ -107,18 +133,11 @@ impl Backend {
    ) -> Option<smithay::backend::allocator::gbm::GbmDevice<smithay::backend::drm::DrmDeviceFd>>
    {
        match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.gbm_device(),
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.primary_gbm_device(),
            Backend::Winit(_) => None,
        }
    }

-    pub fn is_active(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.is_active(),
-            Backend::Winit(_) => true,
-        }
-    }
-
    pub fn set_monitors_active(&self, active: bool) {
        match self {
            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.set_monitors_active(active),
@@ -126,6 +145,13 @@ impl Backend {
        }
    }

+    pub fn on_output_config_changed(&mut self, niri: &mut Niri) {
+        match self {
+            Backend::Tty(tty) => tty.on_output_config_changed(niri),
+            Backend::Winit(_) => (),
+        }
+    }
+
    pub fn tty(&mut self) -> &mut Tty {
        if let Self::Tty(v) = self {
            v
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use std::time::Duration;

+use niri_config::Config;
+use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::damage::OutputDamageTracker;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::GlesRenderer;
-use smithay::backend::renderer::{DebugFlags, Renderer};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::{DebugFlags, ImportDma, ImportEgl, Renderer};
 use smithay::backend::winit::{self, WinitEvent, WinitGraphicsBackend};
-use smithay::output::{Mode, Output, PhysicalProperties, Scale, Subpixel};
+use smithay::output::{Mode, Output, PhysicalProperties, Subpixel};
 use smithay::reexports::calloop::LoopHandle;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols::wp::presentation_time::server::wp_presentation_feedback;
 use smithay::reexports::winit::dpi::LogicalSize;
@@ -17,8 +19,7 @@ use smithay::reexports::winit::window::WindowBuilder;
 use smithay::utils::Transform;

 use super::RenderResult;
-use crate::config::Config;
-use crate::niri::{OutputRenderElements, RedrawState, State};
+use crate::niri::{RedrawState, State};
 use crate::utils::get_monotonic_time;
 use crate::Niri;

@@ -27,7 +28,8 @@ pub struct Winit {
    output: Output,
    backend: WinitGraphicsBackend<GlesRenderer>,
    damage_tracker: OutputDamageTracker,
-    connectors: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
+    ipc_outputs: Rc<RefCell<HashMap<String, niri_ipc::Output>>>,
+    enabled_outputs: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
 }

 impl Winit {
@@ -38,14 +40,6 @@ impl Winit {
            .with_title("niri");
        let (backend, winit) = winit::init_from_builder(builder).unwrap();

-        let output_config = config
-            .borrow()
-            .outputs
-            .iter()
-            .find(|o| o.name == "winit")
-            .cloned()
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-
        let output = Output::new(
            "winit".to_string(),
            PhysicalProperties {
@@ -60,16 +54,27 @@ impl Winit {
            size: backend.window_size(),
            refresh: 60_000,
        };
-        let scale = output_config.scale.clamp(1., 10.).ceil() as i32;
-        output.change_current_state(
-            Some(mode),
-            Some(Transform::Flipped180),
-            Some(Scale::Integer(scale)),
-            None,
-        );
+        output.change_current_state(Some(mode), Some(Transform::Flipped180), None, None);
        output.set_preferred(mode);

-        let connectors = Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::from([(
+        let physical_properties = output.physical_properties();
+        let ipc_outputs = Rc::new(RefCell::new(HashMap::from([(
+            "winit".to_owned(),
+            niri_ipc::Output {
+                name: output.name(),
+                make: physical_properties.make,
+                model: physical_properties.model,
+                physical_size: None,
+                modes: vec![niri_ipc::Mode {
+                    width: backend.window_size().w.clamp(0, u16::MAX as i32) as u16,
+                    height: backend.window_size().h.clamp(0, u16::MAX as i32) as u16,
+                    refresh_rate: 60_000,
+                }],
+                current_mode: Some(0),
+            },
+        )])));
+
+        let enabled_outputs = Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::from([(
            "winit".to_owned(),
            output.clone(),
        )])));
@@ -89,6 +94,12 @@ impl Winit {
                        None,
                        None,
                    );
+
+                    let mut ipc_outputs = winit.ipc_outputs.borrow_mut();
+                    let mode = &mut ipc_outputs.get_mut("winit").unwrap().modes[0];
+                    mode.width = size.w.clamp(0, u16::MAX as i32) as u16;
+                    mode.height = size.h.clamp(0, u16::MAX as i32) as u16;
+
                    state.niri.output_resized(winit.output.clone());
                }
                WinitEvent::Input(event) => state.process_input_event(event),
@@ -108,22 +119,20 @@ impl Winit {
            output,
            backend,
            damage_tracker,
-            connectors,
+            ipc_outputs,
+            enabled_outputs,
        }
    }

    pub fn init(&mut self, niri: &mut Niri) {
-        // For some reason, binding the display here causes damage tracker artifacts.
-        //
-        // use smithay::backend::renderer::ImportEgl;
-        //
-        // if let Err(err) = self
-        //     .backend
-        //     .renderer()
-        //     .bind_wl_display(&niri.display_handle)
-        // {
-        //     warn!("error binding renderer wl_display: {err}");
-        // }
+        if let Err(err) = self
+            .backend
+            .renderer()
+            .bind_wl_display(&niri.display_handle)
+        {
+            warn!("error binding renderer wl_display: {err}");
+        }
+
        niri.add_output(self.output.clone(), None);
    }

@@ -131,23 +140,25 @@ impl Winit {
        "winit".to_owned()
    }

-    pub fn renderer(&mut self) -> &mut GlesRenderer {
-        self.backend.renderer()
+    pub fn with_primary_renderer<T>(
+        &mut self,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut GlesRenderer) -> T,
+    ) -> Option<T> {
+        Some(f(self.backend.renderer()))
    }

-    pub fn render(
-        &mut self,
-        niri: &mut Niri,
-        output: &Output,
-        elements: &[OutputRenderElements<GlesRenderer>],
-    ) -> RenderResult {
+    pub fn render(&mut self, niri: &mut Niri, output: &Output) -> RenderResult {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Winit::render");

+        // Render the elements.
+        let elements = niri.render::<GlesRenderer>(self.backend.renderer(), output, true);
+
+        // Hand them over to winit.
        self.backend.bind().unwrap();
        let age = self.backend.buffer_age().unwrap();
        let res = self
            .damage_tracker
-            .render_output(self.backend.renderer(), age, elements, [0.; 4])
+            .render_output(self.backend.renderer(), age, &elements, [0.; 4])
            .unwrap();

        niri.update_primary_scanout_output(output, &res.states);
@@ -202,7 +213,21 @@ impl Winit {
        renderer.set_debug_flags(renderer.debug_flags() ^ DebugFlags::TINT);
    }

-    pub fn connectors(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>> {
-        self.connectors.clone()
+    pub fn import_dmabuf(&mut self, dmabuf: &Dmabuf) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        match self.backend.renderer().import_dmabuf(dmabuf, None) {
+            Ok(_texture) => Ok(()),
+            Err(err) => {
+                debug!("error importing dmabuf: {err:?}");
+                Err(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ipc_outputs(&self) -> Rc<RefCell<HashMap<String, niri_ipc::Output>>> {
+        self.ipc_outputs.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn enabled_outputs(&self) -> Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>> {
+        self.enabled_outputs.clone()
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use pangocairo::cairo::{self, ImageSurface};
+use pangocairo::pango::FontDescription;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::memory::{
+    MemoryRenderBuffer, MemoryRenderBufferRenderElement,
+};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::utils::{Relocate, RelocateRenderElement};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::{Element, Kind};
+use smithay::output::Output;
+use smithay::reexports::gbm::Format as Fourcc;
+use smithay::utils::Transform;
+
+use crate::animation::Animation;
+use crate::render_helpers::NiriRenderer;
+
+const TEXT: &str = "Failed to parse the config file. \
+                    Please run <span face='monospace' bgcolor='#000000'>niri validate</span> \
+                    to see the errors.";
+const PADDING: i32 = 8;
+const FONT: &str = "sans 14px";
+const BORDER: i32 = 4;
+
+pub struct ConfigErrorNotification {
+    state: State,
+    buffers: RefCell<HashMap<i32, Option<MemoryRenderBuffer>>>,
+}
+
+enum State {
+    Hidden,
+    Showing(Animation),
+    Shown(Duration),
+    Hiding(Animation),
+}
+
+pub type ConfigErrorNotificationRenderElement<R> =
+    RelocateRenderElement<MemoryRenderBufferRenderElement<R>>;
+
+impl ConfigErrorNotification {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            state: State::Hidden,
+            buffers: RefCell::new(HashMap::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn show(&mut self) {
+        // Show from scratch even if already showing to bring attention.
+        self.state = State::Showing(Animation::new(0., 1., Duration::from_millis(250)));
+    }
+
+    pub fn hide(&mut self) {
+        if matches!(self.state, State::Hidden) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.state = State::Hiding(Animation::new(1., 0., Duration::from_millis(250)));
+    }
+
+    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self, target_presentation_time: Duration) {
+        match &mut self.state {
+            State::Hidden => (),
+            State::Showing(anim) => {
+                anim.set_current_time(target_presentation_time);
+                if anim.is_done() {
+                    self.state = State::Shown(target_presentation_time + Duration::from_secs(4));
+                }
+            }
+            State::Shown(deadline) => {
+                if target_presentation_time >= *deadline {
+                    self.hide();
+                }
+            }
+            State::Hiding(anim) => {
+                anim.set_current_time(target_presentation_time);
+                if anim.is_done() {
+                    self.state = State::Hidden;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn are_animations_ongoing(&self) -> bool {
+        !matches!(self.state, State::Hidden)
+    }
+
+    pub fn render<R: NiriRenderer>(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut R,
+        output: &Output,
+    ) -> Option<ConfigErrorNotificationRenderElement<R>> {
+        if matches!(self.state, State::Hidden) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let scale = output.current_scale().integer_scale();
+
+        let mut buffers = self.buffers.borrow_mut();
+        let buffer = buffers
+            .entry(scale)
+            .or_insert_with_key(move |&scale| render(scale).ok());
+        let buffer = buffer.as_ref()?;
+
+        let elem = MemoryRenderBufferRenderElement::from_buffer(
+            renderer,
+            (0., 0.),
+            buffer,
+            Some(0.9),
+            None,
+            None,
+            Kind::Unspecified,
+        )
+        .ok()?;
+
+        let output_transform = output.current_transform();
+        let output_mode = output.current_mode().unwrap();
+        let output_size = output_transform.transform_size(output_mode.size);
+
+        let buffer_size = elem
+            .geometry(output.current_scale().fractional_scale().into())
+            .size;
+
+        let y_range = buffer_size.h + PADDING * 2 * scale;
+
+        let x = (output_size.w / 2 - buffer_size.w / 2).max(0);
+        let y = match &self.state {
+            State::Hidden => unreachable!(),
+            State::Showing(anim) | State::Hiding(anim) => {
+                (-buffer_size.h as f64 + anim.value() * y_range as f64).round() as i32
+            }
+            State::Shown(_) => PADDING * 2 * scale,
+        };
+        let elem = RelocateRenderElement::from_element(elem, (x, y), Relocate::Absolute);
+
+        Some(elem)
+    }
+}
+
+fn render(scale: i32) -> anyhow::Result<MemoryRenderBuffer> {
+    let _span = tracy_client::span!("config_error_notification::render");
+
+    let padding = PADDING * scale;
+
+    let mut font = FontDescription::from_string(FONT);
+    font.set_absolute_size((font.size() * scale).into());
+
+    let surface = ImageSurface::create(cairo::Format::ARgb32, 0, 0)?;
+    let cr = cairo::Context::new(&surface)?;
+    let layout = pangocairo::create_layout(&cr);
+    layout.set_font_description(Some(&font));
+    layout.set_markup(TEXT);
+
+    let (mut width, mut height) = layout.pixel_size();
+    width += padding * 2;
+    height += padding * 2;
+
+    // FIXME: fix bug in Smithay that rounds pixel sizes down to scale.
+    width = (width + scale - 1) / scale * scale;
+    height = (height + scale - 1) / scale * scale;
+
+    let surface = ImageSurface::create(cairo::Format::ARgb32, width, height)?;
+    let cr = cairo::Context::new(&surface)?;
+    cr.set_source_rgb(0.1, 0.1, 0.1);
+    cr.paint()?;
+
+    cr.move_to(padding.into(), padding.into());
+    let layout = pangocairo::create_layout(&cr);
+    layout.set_font_description(Some(&font));
+    layout.set_markup(TEXT);
+
+    cr.set_source_rgb(1., 1., 1.);
+    pangocairo::show_layout(&cr, &layout);
+
+    cr.move_to(0., 0.);
+    cr.line_to(width.into(), 0.);
+    cr.line_to(width.into(), height.into());
+    cr.line_to(0., height.into());
+    cr.line_to(0., 0.);
+    cr.set_source_rgb(1., 0.3, 0.3);
+    cr.set_line_width((BORDER * scale).into());
+    cr.stroke()?;
+    drop(cr);
+
+    let data = surface.take_data().unwrap();
+    let buffer = MemoryRenderBuffer::from_slice(
+        &data,
+        Fourcc::Argb8888,
+        (width, height),
+        scale,
+        Transform::Normal,
+        None,
+    );
+
+    Ok(buffer)
+}
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ use std::sync::Mutex;

 use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
 use smithay::backend::allocator::Fourcc;
-use smithay::backend::renderer::element::texture::TextureBuffer;
-use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{GlesRenderer, GlesTexture};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::memory::MemoryRenderBuffer;
 use smithay::input::pointer::{CursorIcon, CursorImageAttributes, CursorImageStatus};
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
 use smithay::utils::{IsAlive, Logical, Physical, Point, Transform};
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ pub enum RenderCursor {
    },
 }

-type TextureCache = HashMap<(CursorIcon, i32), Vec<TextureBuffer<GlesTexture>>>;
+type TextureCache = HashMap<(CursorIcon, i32), Vec<MemoryRenderBuffer>>;

 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct CursorTextureCache {
@@ -238,12 +237,11 @@ impl CursorTextureCache {

    pub fn get(
        &self,
-        renderer: &mut GlesRenderer,
        icon: CursorIcon,
        scale: i32,
        cursor: &XCursor,
        idx: usize,
-    ) -> TextureBuffer<GlesTexture> {
+    ) -> MemoryRenderBuffer {
        self.cache
            .borrow_mut()
            .entry((icon, scale))
@@ -252,19 +250,14 @@ impl CursorTextureCache {
                    .frames()
                    .iter()
                    .map(|frame| {
-                        let _span = tracy_client::span!("create TextureBuffer");
-
-                        TextureBuffer::from_memory(
-                            renderer,
+                        MemoryRenderBuffer::from_slice(
                            &frame.pixels_rgba,
-                            Fourcc::Abgr8888,
+                            Fourcc::Argb8888,
                            (frame.width as i32, frame.height as i32),
-                            false,
                            scale,
                            Transform::Normal,
                            None,
                        )
-                        .unwrap()
                    })
                    .collect()
            })[idx]
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl DBusServers {
        }

        if is_session_instance || config.debug.dbus_interfaces_in_non_session_instances {
-            let display_config = DisplayConfig::new(backend.connectors());
+            let display_config = DisplayConfig::new(backend.enabled_outputs());
            dbus.conn_display_config = try_start(display_config);

            let (to_niri, from_screenshot) = calloop::channel::channel();
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl DBusServers {
                        }
                    })
                    .unwrap();
-                let screen_cast = ScreenCast::new(backend.connectors(), to_niri);
+                let screen_cast = ScreenCast::new(backend.enabled_outputs(), to_niri);
                dbus.conn_screen_cast = try_start(screen_cast);
            }
        }
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 use serde::Serialize;
 use smithay::output::Output;
 use zbus::fdo::RequestNameFlags;
-use zbus::zvariant::{OwnedValue, Type};
-use zbus::{dbus_interface, fdo};
+use zbus::zvariant::{self, OwnedValue, Type};
+use zbus::{dbus_interface, fdo, SignalContext};

 use super::Start;

 pub struct DisplayConfig {
-    connectors: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
+    enabled_outputs: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
 }

 #[derive(Serialize, Type)]
@@ -53,18 +53,49 @@ impl DisplayConfig {
        HashMap<String, OwnedValue>,
    )> {
        // Construct the DBus response.
-        let monitors: Vec<Monitor> = self
-            .connectors
+        let mut monitors: Vec<Monitor> = self
+            .enabled_outputs
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .keys()
-            .map(|c| Monitor {
-                names: (c.clone(), String::new(), String::new(), String::new()),
-                modes: vec![],
-                properties: HashMap::new(),
+            .map(|c| {
+                // Loosely matches the check in Mutter.
+                let is_laptop_panel = matches!(c.get(..4), Some("eDP-" | "LVDS" | "DSI-"));
+
+                // FIXME: use proper serial when we have libdisplay-info.
+                // A serial is required for correct session restore by xdp-gnome.
+                let serial = c.clone();
+
+                let mut properties = HashMap::new();
+                if is_laptop_panel {
+                    properties.insert(
+                        String::from("display-name"),
+                        OwnedValue::from(zvariant::Str::from_static("Built-in display")),
+                    );
+                }
+                properties.insert(
+                    String::from("is-builtin"),
+                    OwnedValue::from(is_laptop_panel),
+                );
+
+                Monitor {
+                    names: (c.clone(), String::new(), String::new(), serial),
+                    modes: vec![],
+                    properties,
+                }
            })
            .collect();

+        // Sort the built-in monitor first, then by connector name.
+        monitors.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| {
+            let a_is_builtin = a.properties.contains_key("display-name");
+            let b_is_builtin = b.properties.contains_key("display-name");
+            a_is_builtin
+                .cmp(&b_is_builtin)
+                .reverse()
+                .then_with(|| a.names.0.cmp(&b.names.0))
+        });
+
        let logical_monitors = monitors
            .iter()
            .map(|m| LogicalMonitor {
@@ -81,12 +112,13 @@ impl DisplayConfig {
        Ok((0, monitors, logical_monitors, HashMap::new()))
    }

-    // FIXME: monitors-changed signal.
+    #[dbus_interface(signal)]
+    pub async fn monitors_changed(ctxt: &SignalContext<'_>) -> zbus::Result<()>;
 }

 impl DisplayConfig {
-    pub fn new(connectors: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>) -> Self {
-        Self { connectors }
+    pub fn new(enabled_outputs: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>) -> Self {
+        Self { enabled_outputs }
    }
 }

@@ -7,23 +7,26 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use smithay::output::Output;
 use smithay::reexports::calloop;
 use zbus::fdo::RequestNameFlags;
-use zbus::zvariant::{DeserializeDict, OwnedObjectPath, Type, Value};
+use zbus::zvariant::{DeserializeDict, OwnedObjectPath, SerializeDict, Type, Value};
 use zbus::{dbus_interface, fdo, InterfaceRef, ObjectServer, SignalContext};

 use super::Start;
+use crate::utils::output_size;

 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ScreenCast {
-    connectors: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
+    enabled_outputs: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
    to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<ScreenCastToNiri>,
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    sessions: Arc<Mutex<Vec<(Session, InterfaceRef<Session>)>>>,
 }

 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Session {
    id: usize,
-    connectors: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
+    enabled_outputs: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
    to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<ScreenCastToNiri>,
+    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    streams: Arc<Mutex<Vec<(Stream, InterfaceRef<Stream>)>>>,
 }

@@ -52,6 +55,13 @@ pub struct Stream {
    to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<ScreenCastToNiri>,
 }

+#[derive(Debug, SerializeDict, Type, Value)]
+#[zvariant(signature = "dict")]
+struct StreamParameters {
+    /// Size of the stream in logical coordinates.
+    size: (i32, i32),
+}
+
 pub enum ScreenCastToNiri {
    StartCast {
        session_id: usize,
@@ -62,6 +72,7 @@ pub enum ScreenCastToNiri {
    StopCast {
        session_id: usize,
    },
+    Redraw(Output),
 }

 #[dbus_interface(name = "org.gnome.Mutter.ScreenCast")]
@@ -82,7 +93,11 @@ impl ScreenCast {
        let path = format!("/org/gnome/Mutter/ScreenCast/Session/u{}", session_id);
        let path = OwnedObjectPath::try_from(path).unwrap();

-        let session = Session::new(session_id, self.connectors.clone(), self.to_niri.clone());
+        let session = Session::new(
+            session_id,
+            self.enabled_outputs.clone(),
+            self.to_niri.clone(),
+        );
        match server.at(&path, session.clone()).await {
            Ok(true) => {
                let iface = server.interface(&path).await.unwrap();
@@ -149,7 +164,7 @@ impl Session {
    ) -> fdo::Result<OwnedObjectPath> {
        debug!(connector, ?properties, "record_monitor");

-        let Some(output) = self.connectors.lock().unwrap().get(connector).cloned() else {
+        let Some(output) = self.enabled_outputs.lock().unwrap().get(connector).cloned() else {
            return Err(fdo::Error::Failed("no such monitor".to_owned()));
        };

@@ -188,15 +203,21 @@ impl Stream {
    #[dbus_interface(signal)]
    pub async fn pipe_wire_stream_added(ctxt: &SignalContext<'_>, node_id: u32)
        -> zbus::Result<()>;
+
+    #[dbus_interface(property)]
+    async fn parameters(&self) -> StreamParameters {
+        let size = output_size(&self.output).into();
+        StreamParameters { size }
+    }
 }

 impl ScreenCast {
    pub fn new(
-        connectors: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
+        enabled_outputs: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
        to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<ScreenCastToNiri>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
-            connectors,
+            enabled_outputs,
            to_niri,
            sessions: Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![])),
        }
@@ -221,12 +242,12 @@ impl Start for ScreenCast {
 impl Session {
    pub fn new(
        id: usize,
-        connectors: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
+        enabled_outputs: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, Output>>>,
        to_niri: calloop::channel::Sender<ScreenCastToNiri>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            id,
-            connectors,
+            enabled_outputs,
            streams: Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![])),
            to_niri,
        }
@@ -25,9 +25,13 @@ impl ServiceChannel {
        }

        let (sock1, sock2) = UnixStream::pair().unwrap();
-        self.display
-            .insert_client(sock2, Arc::new(ClientState::default()))
-            .unwrap();
+        let data = Arc::new(ClientState {
+            compositor_state: Default::default(),
+            // Would be nice to thread config here but for now it's fine.
+            can_view_decoration_globals: false,
+            restricted: false,
+        });
+        self.display.insert_client(sock2, data).unwrap();
        Ok(unsafe { zbus::zvariant::OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(sock1.into_raw_fd()) })
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use pangocairo::cairo::{self, ImageSurface};
+use pangocairo::pango::{Alignment, FontDescription};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::memory::{
+    MemoryRenderBuffer, MemoryRenderBufferRenderElement,
+};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::utils::{Relocate, RelocateRenderElement};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::{Element, Kind};
+use smithay::output::Output;
+use smithay::reexports::gbm::Format as Fourcc;
+use smithay::utils::Transform;
+
+use crate::render_helpers::NiriRenderer;
+
+const TEXT: &str = "Are you sure you want to exit niri?\n\n\
+                    Press <span face='mono' bgcolor='#2C2C2C'> Enter </span> to confirm.";
+const PADDING: i32 = 16;
+const FONT: &str = "sans 14px";
+const BORDER: i32 = 8;
+
+pub struct ExitConfirmDialog {
+    is_open: bool,
+    buffers: RefCell<HashMap<i32, Option<MemoryRenderBuffer>>>,
+}
+
+pub type ExitConfirmDialogRenderElement<R> =
+    RelocateRenderElement<MemoryRenderBufferRenderElement<R>>;
+
+impl ExitConfirmDialog {
+    pub fn new() -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            is_open: false,
+            buffers: RefCell::new(HashMap::from([(1, Some(render(1)?))])),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn show(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if !self.is_open {
+            self.is_open = true;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn hide(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if self.is_open {
+            self.is_open = false;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_open(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_open
+    }
+
+    pub fn render<R: NiriRenderer>(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut R,
+        output: &Output,
+    ) -> Option<ExitConfirmDialogRenderElement<R>> {
+        if !self.is_open {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let scale = output.current_scale().integer_scale();
+
+        let mut buffers = self.buffers.borrow_mut();
+        let fallback = buffers[&1].clone().unwrap();
+        let buffer = buffers.entry(scale).or_insert_with(|| render(scale).ok());
+        let buffer = buffer.as_ref().unwrap_or(&fallback);
+
+        let elem = MemoryRenderBufferRenderElement::from_buffer(
+            renderer,
+            (0., 0.),
+            buffer,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+            Kind::Unspecified,
+        )
+        .ok()?;
+
+        let output_transform = output.current_transform();
+        let output_mode = output.current_mode().unwrap();
+        let output_size = output_transform.transform_size(output_mode.size);
+
+        let buffer_size = elem
+            .geometry(output.current_scale().fractional_scale().into())
+            .size;
+
+        let x = (output_size.w / 2 - buffer_size.w / 2).max(0);
+        let y = (output_size.h / 2 - buffer_size.h / 2).max(0);
+        let elem = RelocateRenderElement::from_element(elem, (x, y), Relocate::Absolute);
+
+        Some(elem)
+    }
+}
+
+fn render(scale: i32) -> anyhow::Result<MemoryRenderBuffer> {
+    let _span = tracy_client::span!("exit_confirm_dialog::render");
+
+    let padding = PADDING * scale;
+
+    let mut font = FontDescription::from_string(FONT);
+    font.set_absolute_size((font.size() * scale).into());
+
+    let surface = ImageSurface::create(cairo::Format::ARgb32, 0, 0)?;
+    let cr = cairo::Context::new(&surface)?;
+    let layout = pangocairo::create_layout(&cr);
+    layout.set_font_description(Some(&font));
+    layout.set_alignment(Alignment::Center);
+    layout.set_markup(TEXT);
+
+    let (mut width, mut height) = layout.pixel_size();
+    width += padding * 2;
+    height += padding * 2;
+
+    // FIXME: fix bug in Smithay that rounds pixel sizes down to scale.
+    width = (width + scale - 1) / scale * scale;
+    height = (height + scale - 1) / scale * scale;
+
+    let surface = ImageSurface::create(cairo::Format::ARgb32, width, height)?;
+    let cr = cairo::Context::new(&surface)?;
+    cr.set_source_rgb(0.1, 0.1, 0.1);
+    cr.paint()?;
+
+    cr.move_to(padding.into(), padding.into());
+    let layout = pangocairo::create_layout(&cr);
+    layout.set_font_description(Some(&font));
+    layout.set_alignment(Alignment::Center);
+    layout.set_markup(TEXT);
+
+    cr.set_source_rgb(1., 1., 1.);
+    pangocairo::show_layout(&cr, &layout);
+
+    cr.move_to(0., 0.);
+    cr.line_to(width.into(), 0.);
+    cr.line_to(width.into(), height.into());
+    cr.line_to(0., height.into());
+    cr.line_to(0., 0.);
+    cr.set_source_rgb(1., 0.3, 0.3);
+    cr.set_line_width((BORDER * scale).into());
+    cr.stroke()?;
+    drop(cr);
+
+    let data = surface.take_data().unwrap();
+    let buffer = MemoryRenderBuffer::from_slice(
+        &data,
+        Fourcc::Argb8888,
+        (width, height),
+        scale,
+        Transform::Normal,
+        None,
+    );
+
+    Ok(buffer)
+}
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;

 use smithay::backend::renderer::utils::{on_commit_buffer_handler, with_renderer_surface_state};
-use smithay::desktop::find_popup_root_surface;
 use smithay::input::pointer::CursorImageStatus;
 use smithay::reexports::calloop::Interest;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_buffer;
@@ -19,6 +18,7 @@ use smithay::{delegate_compositor, delegate_shm};

 use super::xdg_shell;
 use crate::niri::{ClientState, State};
+use crate::utils::clone2;

 impl CompositorHandler for State {
    fn compositor_state(&mut self) -> &mut CompositorState {
@@ -30,7 +30,12 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
    }

    fn new_subsurface(&mut self, surface: &WlSurface, parent: &WlSurface) {
-        if let Some((_, output)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(parent) {
+        let mut root = parent.clone();
+        while let Some(parent) = get_parent(&root) {
+            root = parent;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(output) = self.niri.output_for_root(&root) {
            let scale = output.current_scale().integer_scale();
            let transform = output.current_transform();
            with_states(surface, |data| {
@@ -77,6 +82,7 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("CompositorHandler::commit");

        on_commit_buffer_handler::<Self>(surface);
+        self.backend.early_import(surface);

        if is_sync_subsurface(surface) {
            return;
@@ -98,11 +104,7 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
                    let window = entry.remove();
                    window.on_commit();

-                    if let Some(output) = self
-                        .niri
-                        .layout
-                        .add_window(window, true, None, false)
-                        .cloned()
+                    if let Some(output) = self.niri.layout.add_window(window, None, false).cloned()
                    {
                        self.niri.queue_redraw(output);
                    }
@@ -116,8 +118,9 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
            }

            // This is a commit of a previously-mapped root or a non-toplevel root.
-            if let Some((window, output)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(surface) {
-                // This is a commit of a previously-mapped toplevel.
+            if let Some(win_out) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(surface) {
+                let (window, output) = clone2(win_out);
+
                window.on_commit();

                // This is a commit of a previously-mapped toplevel.
@@ -135,6 +138,9 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
                // The toplevel remains mapped.
                self.niri.layout.update_window(&window);

+                // Popup placement depends on window size which might have changed.
+                self.update_reactive_popups(&window, &output);
+
                self.niri.queue_redraw(output);
                return;
            }
@@ -144,7 +150,7 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {

        // This is a commit of a non-root or a non-toplevel root.
        let root_window_output = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root_surface);
-        if let Some((window, output)) = root_window_output {
+        if let Some((window, output)) = root_window_output.map(clone2) {
            window.on_commit();
            self.niri.layout.update_window(&window);
            self.niri.queue_redraw(output);
@@ -154,11 +160,8 @@ impl CompositorHandler for State {
        // This might be a popup.
        self.popups_handle_commit(surface);
        if let Some(popup) = self.niri.popups.find_popup(surface) {
-            if let Ok(root) = find_popup_root_surface(&popup) {
-                let root_window_output = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root);
-                if let Some((_window, output)) = root_window_output {
-                    self.niri.queue_redraw(output);
-                }
+            if let Some(output) = self.output_for_popup(&popup) {
+                self.niri.queue_redraw(output.clone());
            }
        }

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use smithay::wayland::shell::wlr_layer::{
    Layer, LayerSurface as WlrLayerSurface, LayerSurfaceData, WlrLayerShellHandler,
    WlrLayerShellState,
 };
+use smithay::wayland::shell::xdg::PopupSurface;

 use crate::niri::State;

@@ -52,6 +53,10 @@ impl WlrLayerShellHandler for State {
            self.niri.output_resized(output);
        }
    }
+
+    fn new_popup(&mut self, _parent: WlrLayerSurface, popup: PopupSurface) {
+        self.unconstrain_popup(&popup);
+    }
 }
 delegate_layer_shell!(State);

@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::thread;

 use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
-use smithay::backend::renderer::ImportDma;
 use smithay::desktop::{PopupKind, PopupManager};
-use smithay::input::pointer::{CursorIcon, CursorImageStatus};
+use smithay::input::pointer::{CursorIcon, CursorImageStatus, PointerHandle};
 use smithay::input::{Seat, SeatHandler, SeatState};
 use smithay::output::Output;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_data_source::WlDataSource;
@@ -22,6 +21,10 @@ use smithay::utils::{Logical, Rectangle, Size};
 use smithay::wayland::compositor::{send_surface_state, with_states};
 use smithay::wayland::dmabuf::{DmabufGlobal, DmabufHandler, DmabufState, ImportNotifier};
 use smithay::wayland::input_method::{InputMethodHandler, PopupSurface};
+use smithay::wayland::pointer_constraints::PointerConstraintsHandler;
+use smithay::wayland::security_context::{
+    SecurityContext, SecurityContextHandler, SecurityContextListenerSource,
+};
 use smithay::wayland::selection::data_device::{
    set_data_device_focus, ClientDndGrabHandler, DataDeviceHandler, DataDeviceState,
    ServerDndGrabHandler,
@@ -36,13 +39,14 @@ use smithay::wayland::session_lock::{
 };
 use smithay::{
    delegate_cursor_shape, delegate_data_control, delegate_data_device, delegate_dmabuf,
-    delegate_input_method_manager, delegate_output, delegate_pointer_gestures,
-    delegate_presentation, delegate_primary_selection, delegate_seat, delegate_session_lock,
+    delegate_input_method_manager, delegate_output, delegate_pointer_constraints,
+    delegate_pointer_gestures, delegate_presentation, delegate_primary_selection,
+    delegate_relative_pointer, delegate_seat, delegate_security_context, delegate_session_lock,
    delegate_tablet_manager, delegate_text_input_manager, delegate_virtual_keyboard_manager,
 };

-use crate::layout::output_size;
-use crate::niri::State;
+use crate::niri::{ClientState, State};
+use crate::utils::output_size;

 impl SeatHandler for State {
    type KeyboardFocus = WlSurface;
@@ -74,14 +78,23 @@ delegate_seat!(State);
 delegate_cursor_shape!(State);
 delegate_tablet_manager!(State);
 delegate_pointer_gestures!(State);
+delegate_relative_pointer!(State);
 delegate_text_input_manager!(State);

+impl PointerConstraintsHandler for State {
+    fn new_constraint(&mut self, _surface: &WlSurface, pointer: &PointerHandle<Self>) {
+        self.niri.maybe_activate_pointer_constraint(
+            pointer.current_location(),
+            &self.niri.pointer_focus,
+        );
+    }
+}
+delegate_pointer_constraints!(State);
+
 impl InputMethodHandler for State {
    fn new_popup(&mut self, surface: PopupSurface) {
-        if let Some((_, output)) = surface
-            .get_parent()
-            .and_then(|parent| self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&parent.surface))
-        {
+        let popup = PopupKind::from(surface.clone());
+        if let Some(output) = self.output_for_popup(&popup) {
            let scale = output.current_scale().integer_scale();
            let transform = output.current_transform();
            let wl_surface = surface.wl_surface();
@@ -89,7 +102,7 @@ impl InputMethodHandler for State {
                send_surface_state(wl_surface, data, scale, transform);
            });
        }
-        if let Err(err) = self.niri.popups.track_popup(PopupKind::from(surface)) {
+        if let Err(err) = self.niri.popups.track_popup(popup) {
            warn!("error tracking ime popup {err:?}");
        }
    }
@@ -182,7 +195,7 @@ delegate_presentation!(State);

 impl DmabufHandler for State {
    fn dmabuf_state(&mut self) -> &mut DmabufState {
-        self.backend.tty().dmabuf_state()
+        &mut self.niri.dmabuf_state
    }

    fn dmabuf_imported(
@@ -191,15 +204,11 @@ impl DmabufHandler for State {
        dmabuf: Dmabuf,
        notifier: ImportNotifier,
    ) {
-        let renderer = self.backend.renderer().expect(
-            "the dmabuf global must be created and destroyed together with the output device",
-        );
-        match renderer.import_dmabuf(&dmabuf, None) {
-            Ok(_texture) => {
+        match self.backend.import_dmabuf(&dmabuf) {
+            Ok(_) => {
                let _ = notifier.successful::<State>();
            }
-            Err(err) => {
-                debug!("error importing dmabuf: {err:?}");
+            Err(_) => {
                notifier.failed();
            }
        }
@@ -245,3 +254,26 @@ pub fn configure_lock_surface(surface: &LockSurface, output: &Output) {
    });
    surface.send_configure();
 }
+
+impl SecurityContextHandler for State {
+    fn context_created(&mut self, source: SecurityContextListenerSource, context: SecurityContext) {
+        self.niri
+            .event_loop
+            .insert_source(source, move |client, _, state| {
+                let config = state.niri.config.borrow();
+                let data = Arc::new(ClientState {
+                    compositor_state: Default::default(),
+                    can_view_decoration_globals: config.prefer_no_csd,
+                    restricted: true,
+                });
+
+                if let Err(err) = state.niri.display_handle.insert_client(client, data) {
+                    error!("error inserting client: {err}");
+                } else {
+                    trace!("inserted a new restricted client, context={context:?}");
+                }
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+}
+delegate_security_context!(State);
@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
-use smithay::desktop::{find_popup_root_surface, PopupKind, Window};
+use smithay::desktop::{
+    find_popup_root_surface, get_popup_toplevel_coords, layer_map_for_output, LayerSurface,
+    PopupKeyboardGrab, PopupKind, PopupManager, PopupPointerGrab, PopupUngrabStrategy, Window,
+    WindowSurfaceType,
+};
+use smithay::input::pointer::Focus;
 use smithay::output::Output;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols::xdg::decoration::zv1::server::zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1;
+use smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols::xdg::shell::server::xdg_positioner::ConstraintAdjustment;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_protocols::xdg::shell::server::xdg_toplevel::{self, ResizeEdge};
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_output;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_seat::WlSeat;
 use smithay::reexports::wayland_server::protocol::wl_surface::WlSurface;
-use smithay::utils::Serial;
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Rectangle, Serial};
 use smithay::wayland::compositor::{send_surface_state, with_states};
+use smithay::wayland::input_method::InputMethodSeat;
 use smithay::wayland::shell::kde::decoration::{KdeDecorationHandler, KdeDecorationState};
+use smithay::wayland::shell::wlr_layer::Layer;
 use smithay::wayland::shell::xdg::decoration::XdgDecorationHandler;
 use smithay::wayland::shell::xdg::{
    PopupSurface, PositionerState, ToplevelSurface, XdgPopupSurfaceData, XdgShellHandler,
@@ -15,7 +23,8 @@ use smithay::wayland::shell::xdg::{
 };
 use smithay::{delegate_kde_decoration, delegate_xdg_decoration, delegate_xdg_shell};

-use crate::niri::State;
+use crate::niri::{PopupGrabState, State};
+use crate::utils::clone2;

 impl XdgShellHandler for State {
    fn xdg_shell_state(&mut self) -> &mut XdgShellState {
@@ -49,8 +58,8 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
    }

    fn new_popup(&mut self, surface: PopupSurface, _positioner: PositionerState) {
-        // FIXME: adjust the geometry so the popup doesn't overflow at least off the top and bottom
-        // screen edges, and ideally off the view size.
+        self.unconstrain_popup(&surface);
+
        if let Err(err) = self.niri.popups.track_popup(PopupKind::Xdg(surface)) {
            warn!("error tracking popup: {err:?}");
        }
@@ -76,18 +85,111 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
        positioner: PositionerState,
        token: u32,
    ) {
-        // FIXME: adjust the geometry so the popup doesn't overflow at least off the top and bottom
-        // screen edges, and ideally off the view size.
        surface.with_pending_state(|state| {
            let geometry = positioner.get_geometry();
            state.geometry = geometry;
            state.positioner = positioner;
        });
+        self.unconstrain_popup(&surface);
        surface.send_repositioned(token);
    }

-    fn grab(&mut self, _surface: PopupSurface, _seat: WlSeat, _serial: Serial) {
-        // FIXME popup grabs
+    fn grab(&mut self, surface: PopupSurface, _seat: WlSeat, serial: Serial) {
+        // HACK: ignore grabs (pretend they work without actually grabbing) if the input method has
+        // a grab. It will likely need refactors in Smithay to support properly since grabs just
+        // replace each other.
+        // FIXME: do this properly.
+        if self.niri.seat.input_method().keyboard_grabbed() {
+            trace!("ignoring popup grab because IME has keyboard grabbed");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let popup = PopupKind::Xdg(surface);
+        let Ok(root) = find_popup_root_surface(&popup) else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        // We need to hand out the grab in a way consistent with what update_keyboard_focus()
+        // thinks the current focus is, otherwise it will desync and cause weird issues with
+        // keyboard focus being at the wrong place.
+        if self.niri.is_locked() {
+            if Some(&root) != self.niri.lock_surface_focus().as_ref() {
+                let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
+                return;
+            }
+        } else if self.niri.screenshot_ui.is_open() {
+            let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
+            return;
+        } else if let Some(output) = self.niri.layout.active_output() {
+            let layers = layer_map_for_output(output);
+
+            if let Some(layer_surface) =
+                layers.layer_for_surface(&root, WindowSurfaceType::TOPLEVEL)
+            {
+                if !matches!(layer_surface.layer(), Layer::Overlay | Layer::Top) {
+                    let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if layers
+                    .layers_on(Layer::Overlay)
+                    .any(|l| l.can_receive_keyboard_focus())
+                {
+                    let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                let mon = self.niri.layout.monitor_for_output(output).unwrap();
+                if !mon.render_above_top_layer()
+                    && layers
+                        .layers_on(Layer::Top)
+                        .any(|l| l.can_receive_keyboard_focus())
+                {
+                    let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                let layout_focus = self.niri.layout.focus();
+                if Some(&root) != layout_focus.map(|win| win.toplevel().wl_surface()) {
+                    let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            let _ = PopupManager::dismiss_popup(&root, &popup);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let seat = &self.niri.seat;
+        let Ok(mut grab) = self
+            .niri
+            .popups
+            .grab_popup(root.clone(), popup, seat, serial)
+        else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        let keyboard = seat.get_keyboard().unwrap();
+        let pointer = seat.get_pointer().unwrap();
+
+        let keyboard_grab_mismatches = keyboard.is_grabbed()
+            && !(keyboard.has_grab(serial)
+                || grab
+                    .previous_serial()
+                    .map_or(true, |s| keyboard.has_grab(s)));
+        let pointer_grab_mismatches = pointer.is_grabbed()
+            && !(pointer.has_grab(serial)
+                || grab.previous_serial().map_or(true, |s| pointer.has_grab(s)));
+        if keyboard_grab_mismatches || pointer_grab_mismatches {
+            grab.ungrab(PopupUngrabStrategy::All);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        trace!("new grab for root {:?}", root);
+        keyboard.set_focus(self, grab.current_grab(), serial);
+        keyboard.set_grab(PopupKeyboardGrab::new(&grab), serial);
+        pointer.set_grab(self, PopupPointerGrab::new(&grab), serial, Focus::Keep);
+        self.niri.popup_grab = Some(PopupGrabState { root, grab });
    }

    fn maximize_request(&mut self, surface: ToplevelSurface) {
@@ -112,16 +214,15 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
            .capabilities
            .contains(xdg_toplevel::WmCapabilities::Fullscreen)
        {
-            // NOTE: This is only one part of the solution. We can set the
-            // location and configure size here, but the surface should be rendered fullscreen
-            // independently from its buffer size
            if let Some((window, current_output)) = self
                .niri
                .layout
                .find_window_and_output(surface.wl_surface())
            {
+                let window = window.clone();
+
                if let Some(requested_output) = wl_output.as_ref().and_then(Output::from_resource) {
-                    if requested_output != current_output {
+                    if &requested_output != current_output {
                        self.niri
                            .layout
                            .move_window_to_output(window.clone(), &requested_output);
@@ -143,6 +244,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
            .layout
            .find_window_and_output(surface.wl_surface())
        {
+            let window = window.clone();
            self.niri.layout.set_fullscreen(&window, false);
        }
    }
@@ -163,7 +265,7 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
            .layout
            .find_window_and_output(surface.wl_surface());

-        let Some((window, output)) = win_out else {
+        let Some((window, output)) = win_out.map(clone2) else {
            // I have no idea how this can happen, but I saw it happen once, in a weird interaction
            // involving laptop going to sleep and resuming.
            error!("toplevel missing from both unmapped_windows and layout");
@@ -175,11 +277,8 @@ impl XdgShellHandler for State {
    }

    fn popup_destroyed(&mut self, surface: PopupSurface) {
-        if let Ok(root) = find_popup_root_surface(&surface.into()) {
-            let root_window_output = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root);
-            if let Some((_window, output)) = root_window_output {
-                self.niri.queue_redraw(output);
-            }
+        if let Some(output) = self.output_for_popup(&PopupKind::Xdg(surface)) {
+            self.niri.queue_redraw(output.clone());
        }
    }
 }
@@ -188,40 +287,42 @@ delegate_xdg_shell!(State);

 impl XdgDecorationHandler for State {
    fn new_decoration(&mut self, toplevel: ToplevelSurface) {
-        let mode = if self.niri.config.borrow().prefer_no_csd {
-            Some(zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ServerSide)
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
+        // If we want CSD, we hide this global altogether.
        toplevel.with_pending_state(|state| {
-            state.decoration_mode = mode;
+            state.decoration_mode = Some(zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ServerSide);
        });
    }

    fn request_mode(&mut self, toplevel: ToplevelSurface, mode: zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode) {
+        // Set whatever the client wants, rather than our preferred mode. This especially matters
+        // for SDL2 which has a bug where forcing a different (client-side) decoration mode during
+        // their window creation sequence would leave the window permanently hidden.
+        //
+        // https://github.com/libsdl-org/SDL/issues/8173
+        //
+        // The bug has been fixed, but there's a ton of apps which will use the buggy version for a
+        // long while...
        toplevel.with_pending_state(|state| {
            state.decoration_mode = Some(mode);
        });

-        // Only send configure if it's non-initial.
+        // A configure is required in response to this event. However, if an initial configure
+        // wasn't sent, then we will send this as part of the initial configure later.
        if initial_configure_sent(&toplevel) {
-            toplevel.send_pending_configure();
+            toplevel.send_configure();
        }
    }

    fn unset_mode(&mut self, toplevel: ToplevelSurface) {
-        let mode = if self.niri.config.borrow().prefer_no_csd {
-            Some(zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ServerSide)
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
+        // If we want CSD, we hide this global altogether.
        toplevel.with_pending_state(|state| {
-            state.decoration_mode = mode;
+            state.decoration_mode = Some(zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1::Mode::ServerSide);
        });

-        // Only send configure if it's non-initial.
+        // A configure is required in response to this event. However, if an initial configure
+        // wasn't sent, then we will send this as part of the initial configure later.
        if initial_configure_sent(&toplevel) {
-            toplevel.send_pending_configure();
+            toplevel.send_configure();
        }
    }
 }
@@ -271,12 +372,8 @@ impl State {
                            .initial_configure_sent
                    });
                    if !initial_configure_sent {
-                        if let Some(output) = popup.get_parent_surface().and_then(|parent| {
-                            self.niri
-                                .layout
-                                .find_window_and_output(&parent)
-                                .map(|(_, output)| output)
-                        }) {
+                        if let Some(output) = self.output_for_popup(&PopupKind::Xdg(popup.clone()))
+                        {
                            let scale = output.current_scale().integer_scale();
                            let transform = output.current_transform();
                            with_states(surface, |data| {
@@ -291,4 +388,132 @@ impl State {
            }
        }
    }
+
+    pub fn output_for_popup(&self, popup: &PopupKind) -> Option<&Output> {
+        let root = find_popup_root_surface(popup).ok()?;
+        self.niri.output_for_root(&root)
+    }
+
+    pub fn unconstrain_popup(&self, popup: &PopupSurface) {
+        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Niri::unconstrain_popup");
+
+        // Popups with a NULL parent will get repositioned in their respective protocol handlers
+        // (i.e. layer-shell).
+        let Ok(root) = find_popup_root_surface(&PopupKind::Xdg(popup.clone())) else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        // Figure out if the root is a window or a layer surface.
+        if let Some((window, output)) = self.niri.layout.find_window_and_output(&root) {
+            self.unconstrain_window_popup(popup, window, output);
+        } else if let Some((layer_surface, output)) = self.niri.layout.outputs().find_map(|o| {
+            let map = layer_map_for_output(o);
+            let layer_surface = map.layer_for_surface(&root, WindowSurfaceType::TOPLEVEL)?;
+            Some((layer_surface.clone(), o))
+        }) {
+            self.unconstrain_layer_shell_popup(popup, &layer_surface, output);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unconstrain_window_popup(&self, popup: &PopupSurface, window: &Window, output: &Output) {
+        let window_geo = window.geometry();
+        let output_geo = self.niri.global_space.output_geometry(output).unwrap();
+
+        // The target geometry for the positioner should be relative to its parent's geometry, so
+        // we will compute that here.
+        //
+        // We try to keep regular window popups within the window itself horizontally (since the
+        // window can be scrolled to both edges of the screen), but within the whole monitor's
+        // height.
+        let mut target =
+            Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), (window_geo.size.w, output_geo.size.h));
+        target.loc.y -= self.niri.layout.window_y(window).unwrap();
+        target.loc -= get_popup_toplevel_coords(&PopupKind::Xdg(popup.clone()));
+
+        popup.with_pending_state(|state| {
+            state.geometry = unconstrain_with_padding(state.positioner, target);
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn unconstrain_layer_shell_popup(
+        &self,
+        popup: &PopupSurface,
+        layer_surface: &LayerSurface,
+        output: &Output,
+    ) {
+        let output_geo = self.niri.global_space.output_geometry(output).unwrap();
+        let map = layer_map_for_output(output);
+        let Some(layer_geo) = map.layer_geometry(layer_surface) else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        // The target geometry for the positioner should be relative to its parent's geometry, so
+        // we will compute that here.
+        let mut target = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), output_geo.size);
+        target.loc -= layer_geo.loc;
+        target.loc -= get_popup_toplevel_coords(&PopupKind::Xdg(popup.clone()));
+
+        popup.with_pending_state(|state| {
+            state.geometry = unconstrain_with_padding(state.positioner, target);
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_reactive_popups(&self, window: &Window, output: &Output) {
+        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Niri::update_reactive_popups");
+
+        for (popup, _) in PopupManager::popups_for_surface(window.toplevel().wl_surface()) {
+            match popup {
+                PopupKind::Xdg(ref popup) => {
+                    if popup.with_pending_state(|state| state.positioner.reactive) {
+                        self.unconstrain_window_popup(popup, window, output);
+                        if let Err(err) = popup.send_pending_configure() {
+                            warn!("error re-configuring reactive popup: {err:?}");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                PopupKind::InputMethod(_) => (),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn unconstrain_with_padding(
+    positioner: PositionerState,
+    target: Rectangle<i32, Logical>,
+) -> Rectangle<i32, Logical> {
+    // Try unconstraining with a small padding first which looks nicer, then if it doesn't fit try
+    // unconstraining without padding.
+    const PADDING: i32 = 8;
+
+    let mut padded = target;
+    if PADDING * 2 < padded.size.w {
+        padded.loc.x += PADDING;
+        padded.size.w -= PADDING * 2;
+    }
+    if PADDING * 2 < padded.size.h {
+        padded.loc.y += PADDING;
+        padded.size.h -= PADDING * 2;
+    }
+
+    // No padding, so just unconstrain with the original target.
+    if padded == target {
+        return positioner.get_unconstrained_geometry(target);
+    }
+
+    // Do not try to resize to fit the padded target rectangle.
+    let mut no_resize = positioner;
+    no_resize
+        .constraint_adjustment
+        .remove(ConstraintAdjustment::ResizeX);
+    no_resize
+        .constraint_adjustment
+        .remove(ConstraintAdjustment::ResizeY);
+
+    let geo = no_resize.get_unconstrained_geometry(padded);
+    if padded.contains_rect(geo) {
+        return geo;
+    }
+
+    // Could not unconstrain into the padded target, so resort to the regular one.
+    positioner.get_unconstrained_geometry(target)
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::cmp::max;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::iter::zip;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use niri_config::{Action, Config, Key, Modifiers};
+use pangocairo::cairo::{self, ImageSurface};
+use pangocairo::pango::{AttrColor, AttrInt, AttrList, AttrString, FontDescription, Weight};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::memory::{
+    MemoryRenderBuffer, MemoryRenderBufferRenderElement,
+};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::utils::{Relocate, RelocateRenderElement};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Kind;
+use smithay::input::keyboard::xkb::keysym_get_name;
+use smithay::output::{Output, WeakOutput};
+use smithay::reexports::gbm::Format as Fourcc;
+use smithay::utils::{Physical, Size, Transform};
+
+use crate::input::CompositorMod;
+use crate::render_helpers::NiriRenderer;
+
+const PADDING: i32 = 8;
+const MARGIN: i32 = PADDING * 2;
+const FONT: &str = "sans 14px";
+const BORDER: i32 = 4;
+const LINE_INTERVAL: i32 = 2;
+const TITLE: &str = "Important Hotkeys";
+
+pub struct HotkeyOverlay {
+    is_open: bool,
+    config: Rc<RefCell<Config>>,
+    comp_mod: CompositorMod,
+    buffers: RefCell<HashMap<WeakOutput, RenderedOverlay>>,
+}
+
+pub struct RenderedOverlay {
+    buffer: Option<MemoryRenderBuffer>,
+    size: Size<i32, Physical>,
+    scale: i32,
+}
+
+pub type HotkeyOverlayRenderElement<R> = RelocateRenderElement<MemoryRenderBufferRenderElement<R>>;
+
+impl HotkeyOverlay {
+    pub fn new(config: Rc<RefCell<Config>>, comp_mod: CompositorMod) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            is_open: false,
+            config,
+            comp_mod,
+            buffers: RefCell::new(HashMap::new()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn show(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if !self.is_open {
+            self.is_open = true;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn hide(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if self.is_open {
+            self.is_open = false;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_open(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_open
+    }
+
+    pub fn on_hotkey_config_updated(&mut self) {
+        self.buffers.borrow_mut().clear();
+    }
+
+    pub fn render<R: NiriRenderer>(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut R,
+        output: &Output,
+    ) -> Option<HotkeyOverlayRenderElement<R>> {
+        if !self.is_open {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let scale = output.current_scale().integer_scale();
+        let margin = MARGIN * scale;
+
+        let output_transform = output.current_transform();
+        let output_mode = output.current_mode().unwrap();
+        let output_size = output_transform.transform_size(output_mode.size);
+
+        let mut buffers = self.buffers.borrow_mut();
+        buffers.retain(|output, _| output.upgrade().is_some());
+
+        // FIXME: should probably use the working area rather than view size.
+        let weak = output.downgrade();
+        if let Some(rendered) = buffers.get(&weak) {
+            if rendered.scale != scale {
+                buffers.remove(&weak);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let rendered = buffers.entry(weak).or_insert_with(|| {
+            render(&self.config.borrow(), self.comp_mod, scale).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                // This can go negative but whatever, as long as there's no rerender loop.
+                let mut size = output_size;
+                size.w -= margin * 2;
+                size.h -= margin * 2;
+                RenderedOverlay {
+                    buffer: None,
+                    size,
+                    scale,
+                }
+            })
+        });
+        let buffer = rendered.buffer.as_ref()?;
+
+        let elem = MemoryRenderBufferRenderElement::from_buffer(
+            renderer,
+            (0., 0.),
+            buffer,
+            Some(0.9),
+            None,
+            None,
+            Kind::Unspecified,
+        )
+        .ok()?;
+
+        let x = (output_size.w / 2 - rendered.size.w / 2).max(0);
+        let y = (output_size.h / 2 - rendered.size.h / 2).max(0);
+        let elem = RelocateRenderElement::from_element(elem, (x, y), Relocate::Absolute);
+
+        Some(elem)
+    }
+}
+
+fn render(config: &Config, comp_mod: CompositorMod, scale: i32) -> anyhow::Result<RenderedOverlay> {
+    let _span = tracy_client::span!("hotkey_overlay::render");
+
+    // let margin = MARGIN * scale;
+    let padding = PADDING * scale;
+    let line_interval = LINE_INTERVAL * scale;
+
+    // FIXME: if it doesn't fit, try splitting in two columns or something.
+    // let mut target_size = output_size;
+    // target_size.w -= margin * 2;
+    // target_size.h -= margin * 2;
+    // anyhow::ensure!(target_size.w > 0 && target_size.h > 0);
+
+    let binds = &config.binds.0;
+
+    // Collect actions that we want to show.
+    let mut actions = vec![
+        &Action::ShowHotkeyOverlay,
+        &Action::Quit,
+        &Action::CloseWindow,
+    ];
+
+    actions.extend(&[
+        &Action::FocusColumnLeft,
+        &Action::FocusColumnRight,
+        &Action::MoveColumnLeft,
+        &Action::MoveColumnRight,
+        &Action::FocusWorkspaceDown,
+        &Action::FocusWorkspaceUp,
+    ]);
+
+    // Prefer move-column-to-workspace-down, but fall back to move-window-to-workspace-down.
+    if binds
+        .iter()
+        .any(|bind| bind.actions.first() == Some(&Action::MoveColumnToWorkspaceDown))
+    {
+        actions.push(&Action::MoveColumnToWorkspaceDown);
+    } else if binds
+        .iter()
+        .any(|bind| bind.actions.first() == Some(&Action::MoveWindowToWorkspaceDown))
+    {
+        actions.push(&Action::MoveWindowToWorkspaceDown);
+    } else {
+        actions.push(&Action::MoveColumnToWorkspaceDown);
+    }
+
+    // Same for -up.
+    if binds
+        .iter()
+        .any(|bind| bind.actions.first() == Some(&Action::MoveColumnToWorkspaceUp))
+    {
+        actions.push(&Action::MoveColumnToWorkspaceUp);
+    } else if binds
+        .iter()
+        .any(|bind| bind.actions.first() == Some(&Action::MoveWindowToWorkspaceUp))
+    {
+        actions.push(&Action::MoveWindowToWorkspaceUp);
+    } else {
+        actions.push(&Action::MoveColumnToWorkspaceUp);
+    }
+
+    actions.extend(&[
+        &Action::SwitchPresetColumnWidth,
+        &Action::MaximizeColumn,
+        &Action::ConsumeWindowIntoColumn,
+        &Action::ExpelWindowFromColumn,
+    ]);
+
+    // Screenshot is not as important, can omit if not bound.
+    if binds
+        .iter()
+        .any(|bind| bind.actions.first() == Some(&Action::Screenshot))
+    {
+        actions.push(&Action::Screenshot);
+    }
+
+    // Add the spawn actions.
+    for bind in binds
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|bind| matches!(bind.actions.first(), Some(Action::Spawn(_))))
+    {
+        actions.push(bind.actions.first().unwrap());
+    }
+
+    let strings = actions
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|action| {
+            let key = config
+                .binds
+                .0
+                .iter()
+                .find(|bind| bind.actions.first() == Some(action))
+                .map(|bind| key_name(comp_mod, &bind.key))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from("(not bound)"));
+
+            (format!(" {key} "), action_name(action))
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let mut font = FontDescription::from_string(FONT);
+    font.set_absolute_size((font.size() * scale).into());
+
+    let surface = ImageSurface::create(cairo::Format::ARgb32, 0, 0)?;
+    let cr = cairo::Context::new(&surface)?;
+    let layout = pangocairo::create_layout(&cr);
+    layout.set_font_description(Some(&font));
+
+    let bold = AttrList::new();
+    bold.insert(AttrInt::new_weight(Weight::Bold));
+    layout.set_attributes(Some(&bold));
+    layout.set_text(TITLE);
+    let title_size = layout.pixel_size();
+
+    let attrs = AttrList::new();
+    attrs.insert(AttrString::new_family("Monospace"));
+    attrs.insert(AttrColor::new_background(12000, 12000, 12000));
+
+    layout.set_attributes(Some(&attrs));
+    let key_sizes = strings
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(key, _)| {
+            layout.set_text(key);
+            layout.pixel_size()
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    layout.set_attributes(None);
+    let action_sizes = strings
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(_, action)| {
+            layout.set_markup(action);
+            layout.pixel_size()
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    let key_width = key_sizes.iter().map(|(w, _)| w).max().unwrap();
+    let action_width = action_sizes.iter().map(|(w, _)| w).max().unwrap();
+    let mut width = key_width + padding + action_width;
+
+    let mut height = zip(&key_sizes, &action_sizes)
+        .map(|((_, key_h), (_, act_h))| max(key_h, act_h))
+        .sum::<i32>()
+        + (key_sizes.len() - 1) as i32 * line_interval
+        + title_size.1
+        + padding;
+
+    width += padding * 2;
+    height += padding * 2;
+
+    // FIXME: fix bug in Smithay that rounds pixel sizes down to scale.
+    width = (width + scale - 1) / scale * scale;
+    height = (height + scale - 1) / scale * scale;
+
+    let surface = ImageSurface::create(cairo::Format::ARgb32, width, height)?;
+    let cr = cairo::Context::new(&surface)?;
+    cr.set_source_rgb(0.1, 0.1, 0.1);
+    cr.paint()?;
+
+    cr.move_to(padding.into(), padding.into());
+    let layout = pangocairo::create_layout(&cr);
+    layout.set_font_description(Some(&font));
+
+    cr.set_source_rgb(1., 1., 1.);
+
+    cr.move_to(((width - title_size.0) / 2).into(), padding.into());
+    layout.set_attributes(Some(&bold));
+    layout.set_text(TITLE);
+    pangocairo::show_layout(&cr, &layout);
+
+    cr.move_to(padding.into(), (padding + title_size.1 + padding).into());
+
+    for ((key, action), ((_, key_h), (_, act_h))) in zip(&strings, zip(&key_sizes, &action_sizes)) {
+        layout.set_attributes(Some(&attrs));
+        layout.set_text(key);
+        pangocairo::show_layout(&cr, &layout);
+
+        cr.rel_move_to((key_width + padding).into(), 0.);
+
+        layout.set_attributes(None);
+        layout.set_markup(action);
+        pangocairo::show_layout(&cr, &layout);
+
+        cr.rel_move_to(
+            (-(key_width + padding)).into(),
+            (max(key_h, act_h) + line_interval).into(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    cr.move_to(0., 0.);
+    cr.line_to(width.into(), 0.);
+    cr.line_to(width.into(), height.into());
+    cr.line_to(0., height.into());
+    cr.line_to(0., 0.);
+    cr.set_source_rgb(0.5, 0.8, 1.0);
+    cr.set_line_width((BORDER * scale).into());
+    cr.stroke()?;
+    drop(cr);
+
+    let data = surface.take_data().unwrap();
+    let buffer = MemoryRenderBuffer::from_slice(
+        &data,
+        Fourcc::Argb8888,
+        (width, height),
+        scale,
+        Transform::Normal,
+        None,
+    );
+
+    Ok(RenderedOverlay {
+        buffer: Some(buffer),
+        size: Size::from((width, height)),
+        scale,
+    })
+}
+
+fn action_name(action: &Action) -> String {
+    match action {
+        Action::Quit => String::from("Exit niri"),
+        Action::ShowHotkeyOverlay => String::from("Show Important Hotkeys"),
+        Action::CloseWindow => String::from("Close Focused Window"),
+        Action::FocusColumnLeft => String::from("Focus Column to the Left"),
+        Action::FocusColumnRight => String::from("Focus Column to the Right"),
+        Action::MoveColumnLeft => String::from("Move Column Left"),
+        Action::MoveColumnRight => String::from("Move Column Right"),
+        Action::FocusWorkspaceDown => String::from("Switch Workspace Down"),
+        Action::FocusWorkspaceUp => String::from("Switch Workspace Up"),
+        Action::MoveColumnToWorkspaceDown => String::from("Move Column to Workspace Down"),
+        Action::MoveColumnToWorkspaceUp => String::from("Move Column to Workspace Up"),
+        Action::MoveWindowToWorkspaceDown => String::from("Move Window to Workspace Down"),
+        Action::MoveWindowToWorkspaceUp => String::from("Move Window to Workspace Up"),
+        Action::SwitchPresetColumnWidth => String::from("Switch Preset Column Widths"),
+        Action::MaximizeColumn => String::from("Maximize Column"),
+        Action::ConsumeWindowIntoColumn => String::from("Consume Window Into Column"),
+        Action::ExpelWindowFromColumn => String::from("Expel Window From Column"),
+        Action::Screenshot => String::from("Take a Screenshot"),
+        Action::Spawn(args) => format!(
+            "Spawn <span face='monospace' bgcolor='#000000'>{}</span>",
+            args.first().unwrap_or(&String::new())
+        ),
+        _ => String::from("FIXME: Unknown"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn key_name(comp_mod: CompositorMod, key: &Key) -> String {
+    let mut name = String::new();
+
+    let has_comp_mod = key.modifiers.contains(Modifiers::COMPOSITOR);
+
+    if key.modifiers.contains(Modifiers::SUPER)
+        || (has_comp_mod && comp_mod == CompositorMod::Super)
+    {
+        name.push_str("Super + ");
+    }
+    if key.modifiers.contains(Modifiers::ALT) || (has_comp_mod && comp_mod == CompositorMod::Alt) {
+        name.push_str("Alt + ");
+    }
+    if key.modifiers.contains(Modifiers::SHIFT) {
+        name.push_str("Shift + ");
+    }
+    if key.modifiers.contains(Modifiers::CTRL) {
+        name.push_str("Ctrl + ");
+    }
+    name.push_str(&prettify_keysym_name(&keysym_get_name(key.keysym)));
+
+    name
+}
+
+fn prettify_keysym_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    let name = match name {
+        "slash" => "/",
+        "comma" => ",",
+        "period" => ".",
+        "minus" => "-",
+        "equal" => "=",
+        "grave" => "`",
+        "Next" => "Page Down",
+        "Prior" => "Page Up",
+        "Print" => "PrtSc",
+        "Return" => "Enter",
+        _ => name,
+    };
+
+    if name.len() == 1 && name.is_ascii() {
+        name.to_ascii_uppercase()
+    } else {
+        name.into()
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+use std::env;
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::net::Shutdown;
+use std::os::unix::net::UnixStream;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, Context};
+use niri_ipc::{Mode, Output, Request, Response};
+
+use crate::Msg;
+
+pub fn handle_msg(msg: Msg, json: bool) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let socket_path = env::var_os(niri_ipc::SOCKET_PATH_ENV).with_context(|| {
+        format!(
+            "{} is not set, are you running this within niri?",
+            niri_ipc::SOCKET_PATH_ENV
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    let mut stream =
+        UnixStream::connect(socket_path).context("error connecting to {socket_path}")?;
+
+    let request = match msg {
+        Msg::Outputs => Request::Outputs,
+    };
+    let mut buf = serde_json::to_vec(&request).unwrap();
+    stream
+        .write_all(&buf)
+        .context("error writing IPC request")?;
+    stream
+        .shutdown(Shutdown::Write)
+        .context("error closing IPC stream for writing")?;
+
+    buf.clear();
+    stream
+        .read_to_end(&mut buf)
+        .context("error reading IPC response")?;
+
+    let response = serde_json::from_slice(&buf).context("error parsing IPC response")?;
+    match msg {
+        Msg::Outputs => {
+            #[allow(irrefutable_let_patterns)]
+            let Response::Outputs(outputs) = response
+            else {
+                bail!("unexpected response: expected Outputs, got {response:?}");
+            };
+
+            if json {
+                let output =
+                    serde_json::to_string(&outputs).context("error formatting response")?;
+                println!("{output}");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+
+            let mut outputs = outputs.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            outputs.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
+
+            for (connector, output) in outputs.into_iter() {
+                let Output {
+                    name,
+                    make,
+                    model,
+                    physical_size,
+                    modes,
+                    current_mode,
+                } = output;
+
+                println!(r#"Output "{connector}" ({make} - {model} - {name})"#);
+
+                if let Some(current) = current_mode {
+                    let mode = *modes
+                        .get(current)
+                        .context("invalid response: current mode does not exist")?;
+                    let Mode {
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        refresh_rate,
+                    } = mode;
+                    let refresh = refresh_rate as f64 / 1000.;
+                    println!("  Current mode: {width}x{height} @ {refresh:.3} Hz");
+                } else {
+                    println!("  Disabled");
+                }
+
+                if let Some((width, height)) = physical_size {
+                    println!("  Physical size: {width}x{height} mm");
+                } else {
+                    println!("  Physical size: unknown");
+                }
+
+                println!("  Available modes:");
+                for mode in modes {
+                    let Mode {
+                        width,
+                        height,
+                        refresh_rate,
+                    } = mode;
+                    let refresh = refresh_rate as f64 / 1000.;
+                    println!("    {width}x{height}@{refresh:.3}");
+                }
+                println!();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod client;
+pub mod server;
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::os::unix::net::{UnixListener, UnixStream};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::{env, io, process};
+
+use anyhow::Context;
+use calloop::io::Async;
+use directories::BaseDirs;
+use futures_util::io::{AsyncReadExt, BufReader};
+use futures_util::{AsyncBufReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+use niri_ipc::{Request, Response};
+use smithay::reexports::calloop::generic::Generic;
+use smithay::reexports::calloop::{Interest, LoopHandle, Mode, PostAction};
+use smithay::reexports::rustix::fs::unlink;
+
+use crate::niri::State;
+
+pub struct IpcServer {
+    pub socket_path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+struct ClientCtx {
+    ipc_outputs: Rc<RefCell<HashMap<String, niri_ipc::Output>>>,
+}
+
+impl IpcServer {
+    pub fn start(
+        event_loop: &LoopHandle<'static, State>,
+        wayland_socket_name: &str,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Ipc::start");
+
+        let socket_name = format!("niri.{wayland_socket_name}.{}.sock", process::id());
+        let mut socket_path = socket_dir();
+        socket_path.push(socket_name);
+
+        let listener = UnixListener::bind(&socket_path).context("error binding socket")?;
+        listener
+            .set_nonblocking(true)
+            .context("error setting socket to non-blocking")?;
+
+        let source = Generic::new(listener, Interest::READ, Mode::Level);
+        event_loop
+            .insert_source(source, |_, socket, state| {
+                match socket.accept() {
+                    Ok((stream, _)) => on_new_ipc_client(state, stream),
+                    Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => (),
+                    Err(e) => return Err(e),
+                }
+
+                Ok(PostAction::Continue)
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+
+        Ok(Self { socket_path })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for IpcServer {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = unlink(&self.socket_path);
+    }
+}
+
+fn socket_dir() -> PathBuf {
+    BaseDirs::new()
+        .as_ref()
+        .and_then(|x| x.runtime_dir())
+        .map(|x| x.to_owned())
+        .unwrap_or_else(env::temp_dir)
+}
+
+fn on_new_ipc_client(state: &mut State, stream: UnixStream) {
+    let _span = tracy_client::span!("on_new_ipc_client");
+    trace!("new IPC client connected");
+
+    let stream = match state.niri.event_loop.adapt_io(stream) {
+        Ok(stream) => stream,
+        Err(err) => {
+            warn!("error making IPC stream async: {err:?}");
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let ctx = ClientCtx {
+        ipc_outputs: state.backend.ipc_outputs(),
+    };
+
+    let future = async move {
+        if let Err(err) = handle_client(ctx, stream).await {
+            warn!("error handling IPC client: {err:?}");
+        }
+    };
+    if let Err(err) = state.niri.scheduler.schedule(future) {
+        warn!("error scheduling IPC stream future: {err:?}");
+    }
+}
+
+async fn handle_client(ctx: ClientCtx, stream: Async<'_, UnixStream>) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let (read, mut write) = stream.split();
+    let mut buf = String::new();
+
+    // Read a single line to allow extensibility in the future to keep reading.
+    BufReader::new(read)
+        .read_line(&mut buf)
+        .await
+        .context("error reading request")?;
+
+    let request: Request = serde_json::from_str(&buf).context("error parsing request")?;
+
+    let response = match request {
+        Request::Outputs => {
+            let ipc_outputs = ctx.ipc_outputs.borrow().clone();
+            Response::Outputs(ipc_outputs)
+        }
+    };
+
+    let buf = serde_json::to_vec(&response).context("error formatting response")?;
+    write
+        .write_all(&buf)
+        .await
+        .context("error writing response")?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use std::iter::zip;
+
+use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use niri_config::{self, Color};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::solid::{SolidColorBuffer, SolidColorRenderElement};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Kind;
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Scale, Size};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FocusRing {
+    buffers: [SolidColorBuffer; 4],
+    locations: [Point<i32, Logical>; 4],
+    is_off: bool,
+    is_border: bool,
+    width: i32,
+    active_color: Color,
+    inactive_color: Color,
+}
+
+pub type FocusRingRenderElement = SolidColorRenderElement;
+
+impl FocusRing {
+    pub fn new(config: niri_config::FocusRing) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buffers: Default::default(),
+            locations: Default::default(),
+            is_off: config.off,
+            is_border: false,
+            width: config.width.into(),
+            active_color: config.active_color,
+            inactive_color: config.inactive_color,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, config: niri_config::FocusRing) {
+        self.is_off = config.off;
+        self.width = config.width.into();
+        self.active_color = config.active_color;
+        self.inactive_color = config.inactive_color;
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(
+        &mut self,
+        win_pos: Point<i32, Logical>,
+        win_size: Size<i32, Logical>,
+        is_border: bool,
+    ) {
+        if is_border {
+            self.buffers[0].resize((win_size.w + self.width * 2, self.width));
+            self.buffers[1].resize((win_size.w + self.width * 2, self.width));
+            self.buffers[2].resize((self.width, win_size.h));
+            self.buffers[3].resize((self.width, win_size.h));
+
+            self.locations[0] = win_pos + Point::from((-self.width, -self.width));
+            self.locations[1] = win_pos + Point::from((-self.width, win_size.h));
+            self.locations[2] = win_pos + Point::from((-self.width, 0));
+            self.locations[3] = win_pos + Point::from((win_size.w, 0));
+        } else {
+            let size = win_size + Size::from((self.width * 2, self.width * 2));
+            self.buffers[0].resize(size);
+            self.locations[0] = win_pos - Point::from((self.width, self.width));
+        }
+
+        self.is_border = is_border;
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_active(&mut self, is_active: bool) {
+        let color = if is_active {
+            self.active_color.into()
+        } else {
+            self.inactive_color.into()
+        };
+
+        for buf in &mut self.buffers {
+            buf.set_color(color);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> impl Iterator<Item = FocusRingRenderElement> {
+        let mut rv = ArrayVec::<_, 4>::new();
+
+        if self.is_off {
+            return rv.into_iter();
+        }
+
+        let mut push = |buffer, location: Point<i32, Logical>| {
+            let elem = SolidColorRenderElement::from_buffer(
+                buffer,
+                location.to_physical_precise_round(scale),
+                scale,
+                1.,
+                Kind::Unspecified,
+            );
+            rv.push(elem);
+        };
+
+        if self.is_border {
+            for (buf, loc) in zip(&self.buffers, self.locations) {
+                push(buf, loc);
+            }
+        } else {
+            push(&self.buffers[0], self.locations[0]);
+        }
+
+        rv.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn width(&self) -> i32 {
+        self.width
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_off(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_off
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+use std::cmp::min;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use niri_config::SizeChange;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::utils::{
+    CropRenderElement, Relocate, RelocateRenderElement,
+};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::{ImportAll, Renderer};
+use smithay::desktop::Window;
+use smithay::output::Output;
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Scale};
+
+use super::workspace::{
+    compute_working_area, Column, ColumnWidth, OutputId, Workspace, WorkspaceRenderElement,
+};
+use super::{LayoutElement, Options};
+use crate::animation::Animation;
+use crate::utils::output_size;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Monitor<W: LayoutElement> {
+    /// Output for this monitor.
+    pub output: Output,
+    // Must always contain at least one.
+    pub workspaces: Vec<Workspace<W>>,
+    /// Index of the currently active workspace.
+    pub active_workspace_idx: usize,
+    /// In-progress switch between workspaces.
+    pub workspace_switch: Option<WorkspaceSwitch>,
+    /// Configurable properties of the layout.
+    pub options: Rc<Options>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum WorkspaceSwitch {
+    Animation(Animation),
+    Gesture(WorkspaceSwitchGesture),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct WorkspaceSwitchGesture {
+    /// Index of the workspace where the gesture was started.
+    pub center_idx: usize,
+    /// Current, fractional workspace index.
+    pub current_idx: f64,
+}
+
+pub type MonitorRenderElement<R> =
+    RelocateRenderElement<CropRenderElement<WorkspaceRenderElement<R>>>;
+
+impl WorkspaceSwitch {
+    pub fn current_idx(&self) -> f64 {
+        match self {
+            WorkspaceSwitch::Animation(anim) => anim.value(),
+            WorkspaceSwitch::Gesture(gesture) => gesture.current_idx,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the workspace switch is [`Animation`].
+    ///
+    /// [`Animation`]: WorkspaceSwitch::Animation
+    #[must_use]
+    fn is_animation(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Animation(..))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: LayoutElement> Monitor<W> {
+    pub fn new(output: Output, workspaces: Vec<Workspace<W>>, options: Rc<Options>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            output,
+            workspaces,
+            active_workspace_idx: 0,
+            workspace_switch: None,
+            options,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn active_workspace(&mut self) -> &mut Workspace<W> {
+        &mut self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx]
+    }
+
+    fn activate_workspace(&mut self, idx: usize) {
+        if self.active_workspace_idx == idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let current_idx = self
+            .workspace_switch
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|s| s.current_idx())
+            .unwrap_or(self.active_workspace_idx as f64);
+
+        self.active_workspace_idx = idx;
+
+        self.workspace_switch = Some(WorkspaceSwitch::Animation(Animation::new(
+            current_idx,
+            idx as f64,
+            Duration::from_millis(250),
+        )));
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_window(
+        &mut self,
+        workspace_idx: usize,
+        window: W,
+        activate: bool,
+        width: ColumnWidth,
+        is_full_width: bool,
+    ) {
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[workspace_idx];
+
+        workspace.add_window(window, activate, width, is_full_width);
+
+        // After adding a new window, workspace becomes this output's own.
+        workspace.original_output = OutputId::new(&self.output);
+
+        if workspace_idx == self.workspaces.len() - 1 {
+            // Insert a new empty workspace.
+            let ws = Workspace::new(self.output.clone(), self.options.clone());
+            self.workspaces.push(ws);
+        }
+
+        if activate {
+            self.activate_workspace(workspace_idx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_column(&mut self, workspace_idx: usize, column: Column<W>, activate: bool) {
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[workspace_idx];
+
+        workspace.add_column(column, activate);
+
+        // After adding a new window, workspace becomes this output's own.
+        workspace.original_output = OutputId::new(&self.output);
+
+        if workspace_idx == self.workspaces.len() - 1 {
+            // Insert a new empty workspace.
+            let ws = Workspace::new(self.output.clone(), self.options.clone());
+            self.workspaces.push(ws);
+        }
+
+        if activate {
+            self.activate_workspace(workspace_idx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn clean_up_workspaces(&mut self) {
+        assert!(self.workspace_switch.is_none());
+
+        for idx in (0..self.workspaces.len() - 1).rev() {
+            if self.active_workspace_idx == idx {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if !self.workspaces[idx].has_windows() {
+                self.workspaces.remove(idx);
+                if self.active_workspace_idx > idx {
+                    self.active_workspace_idx -= 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_left(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_left();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_right(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_right();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_column_to_first(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_column_to_first();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_column_to_last(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_column_to_last();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_down(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_down();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_up(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().move_up();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_down_or_to_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        let workspace = self.active_workspace();
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let column = &mut workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        let curr_idx = column.active_tile_idx;
+        let new_idx = min(column.active_tile_idx + 1, column.tiles.len() - 1);
+        if curr_idx == new_idx {
+            self.move_to_workspace_down();
+        } else {
+            workspace.move_down();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_up_or_to_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        let workspace = self.active_workspace();
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let curr_idx = workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx].active_tile_idx;
+        let new_idx = curr_idx.saturating_sub(1);
+        if curr_idx == new_idx {
+            self.move_to_workspace_up();
+        } else {
+            workspace.move_up();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_left(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_left();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_right(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_right();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_column_first(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_column_first();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_column_last(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_column_last();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_down(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_down();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_up(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().focus_up();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_window_or_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        let workspace = self.active_workspace();
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            self.switch_workspace_down();
+        } else {
+            let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+            let curr_idx = column.active_tile_idx;
+            let new_idx = min(column.active_tile_idx + 1, column.tiles.len() - 1);
+            if curr_idx == new_idx {
+                self.switch_workspace_down();
+            } else {
+                workspace.focus_down();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus_window_or_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        let workspace = self.active_workspace();
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            self.switch_workspace_up();
+        } else {
+            let curr_idx = workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx].active_tile_idx;
+            let new_idx = curr_idx.saturating_sub(1);
+            if curr_idx == new_idx {
+                self.switch_workspace_up();
+            } else {
+                workspace.focus_up();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_to_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        let source_workspace_idx = self.active_workspace_idx;
+
+        let new_idx = source_workspace_idx.saturating_sub(1);
+        if new_idx == source_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[source_workspace_idx];
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        let width = column.width;
+        let is_full_width = column.is_full_width;
+        let window =
+            workspace.remove_window_by_idx(workspace.active_column_idx, column.active_tile_idx);
+
+        self.add_window(new_idx, window, true, width, is_full_width);
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_to_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        let source_workspace_idx = self.active_workspace_idx;
+
+        let new_idx = min(source_workspace_idx + 1, self.workspaces.len() - 1);
+        if new_idx == source_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[source_workspace_idx];
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        let width = column.width;
+        let is_full_width = column.is_full_width;
+        let window =
+            workspace.remove_window_by_idx(workspace.active_column_idx, column.active_tile_idx);
+
+        self.add_window(new_idx, window, true, width, is_full_width);
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_to_workspace(&mut self, idx: usize) {
+        let source_workspace_idx = self.active_workspace_idx;
+
+        let new_idx = min(idx, self.workspaces.len() - 1);
+        if new_idx == source_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[source_workspace_idx];
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        let width = column.width;
+        let is_full_width = column.is_full_width;
+        let window =
+            workspace.remove_window_by_idx(workspace.active_column_idx, column.active_tile_idx);
+
+        self.add_window(new_idx, window, true, width, is_full_width);
+
+        // Don't animate this action.
+        self.workspace_switch = None;
+
+        self.clean_up_workspaces();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_column_to_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        let source_workspace_idx = self.active_workspace_idx;
+
+        let new_idx = source_workspace_idx.saturating_sub(1);
+        if new_idx == source_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[source_workspace_idx];
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let column = workspace.remove_column_by_idx(workspace.active_column_idx);
+        self.add_column(new_idx, column, true);
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_column_to_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        let source_workspace_idx = self.active_workspace_idx;
+
+        let new_idx = min(source_workspace_idx + 1, self.workspaces.len() - 1);
+        if new_idx == source_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[source_workspace_idx];
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let column = workspace.remove_column_by_idx(workspace.active_column_idx);
+        self.add_column(new_idx, column, true);
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_column_to_workspace(&mut self, idx: usize) {
+        let source_workspace_idx = self.active_workspace_idx;
+
+        let new_idx = min(idx, self.workspaces.len() - 1);
+        if new_idx == source_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let workspace = &mut self.workspaces[source_workspace_idx];
+        if workspace.columns.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let column = workspace.remove_column_by_idx(workspace.active_column_idx);
+        self.add_column(new_idx, column, true);
+
+        // Don't animate this action.
+        self.workspace_switch = None;
+
+        self.clean_up_workspaces();
+    }
+
+    pub fn switch_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        self.activate_workspace(self.active_workspace_idx.saturating_sub(1));
+    }
+
+    pub fn switch_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        self.activate_workspace(min(
+            self.active_workspace_idx + 1,
+            self.workspaces.len() - 1,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    pub fn switch_workspace(&mut self, idx: usize) {
+        self.activate_workspace(min(idx, self.workspaces.len() - 1));
+        // Don't animate this action.
+        self.workspace_switch = None;
+
+        self.clean_up_workspaces();
+    }
+
+    pub fn consume_into_column(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().consume_into_column();
+    }
+
+    pub fn expel_from_column(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().expel_from_column();
+    }
+
+    pub fn center_column(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().center_column();
+    }
+
+    pub fn focus(&self) -> Option<&W> {
+        let workspace = &self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx];
+        if !workspace.has_windows() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let column = &workspace.columns[workspace.active_column_idx];
+        Some(column.tiles[column.active_tile_idx].window())
+    }
+
+    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self, current_time: Duration, is_active: bool) {
+        if let Some(WorkspaceSwitch::Animation(anim)) = &mut self.workspace_switch {
+            anim.set_current_time(current_time);
+            if anim.is_done() {
+                self.workspace_switch = None;
+                self.clean_up_workspaces();
+            }
+        }
+
+        for ws in &mut self.workspaces {
+            ws.advance_animations(current_time, is_active);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn are_animations_ongoing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.workspace_switch
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_some_and(|s| s.is_animation())
+            || self.workspaces.iter().any(|ws| ws.are_animations_ongoing())
+    }
+
+    pub fn are_transitions_ongoing(&self) -> bool {
+        self.workspace_switch.is_some()
+            || self.workspaces.iter().any(|ws| ws.are_animations_ongoing())
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, options: Rc<Options>) {
+        for ws in &mut self.workspaces {
+            ws.update_config(options.clone());
+        }
+
+        if self.options.struts != options.struts {
+            let view_size = output_size(&self.output);
+            let working_area = compute_working_area(&self.output, options.struts);
+
+            for ws in &mut self.workspaces {
+                ws.set_view_size(view_size, working_area);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.options = options;
+    }
+
+    pub fn toggle_width(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().toggle_width();
+    }
+
+    pub fn toggle_full_width(&mut self) {
+        self.active_workspace().toggle_full_width();
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_column_width(&mut self, change: SizeChange) {
+        self.active_workspace().set_column_width(change);
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_window_height(&mut self, change: SizeChange) {
+        self.active_workspace().set_window_height(change);
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_workspace_down(&mut self) {
+        let new_idx = min(self.active_workspace_idx + 1, self.workspaces.len() - 1);
+        if new_idx == self.active_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.workspaces.swap(self.active_workspace_idx, new_idx);
+
+        if new_idx == self.workspaces.len() - 1 {
+            // Insert a new empty workspace.
+            let ws = Workspace::new(self.output.clone(), self.options.clone());
+            self.workspaces.push(ws);
+        }
+
+        self.activate_workspace(new_idx);
+        self.workspace_switch = None;
+
+        self.clean_up_workspaces();
+    }
+
+    pub fn move_workspace_up(&mut self) {
+        let new_idx = self.active_workspace_idx.saturating_sub(1);
+        if new_idx == self.active_workspace_idx {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.workspaces.swap(self.active_workspace_idx, new_idx);
+
+        if self.active_workspace_idx == self.workspaces.len() - 1 {
+            // Insert a new empty workspace.
+            let ws = Workspace::new(self.output.clone(), self.options.clone());
+            self.workspaces.push(ws);
+        }
+
+        self.activate_workspace(new_idx);
+        self.workspace_switch = None;
+
+        self.clean_up_workspaces();
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_under(
+        &self,
+        pos_within_output: Point<f64, Logical>,
+    ) -> Option<(&W, Option<Point<i32, Logical>>)> {
+        match &self.workspace_switch {
+            Some(switch) => {
+                let size = output_size(&self.output);
+
+                let render_idx = switch.current_idx();
+                let before_idx = render_idx.floor() as usize;
+                let after_idx = render_idx.ceil() as usize;
+
+                let offset = ((render_idx - before_idx as f64) * size.h as f64).round() as i32;
+
+                let (idx, ws_offset) = if pos_within_output.y < (size.h - offset) as f64 {
+                    (before_idx, Point::from((0, offset)))
+                } else {
+                    (after_idx, Point::from((0, -size.h + offset)))
+                };
+
+                let ws = &self.workspaces[idx];
+                let (win, win_pos) = ws.window_under(pos_within_output + ws_offset.to_f64())?;
+                Some((win, win_pos.map(|p| p - ws_offset)))
+            }
+            None => {
+                let ws = &self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx];
+                ws.window_under(pos_within_output)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render_above_top_layer(&self) -> bool {
+        // Render above the top layer only if the view is stationary.
+        if self.workspace_switch.is_some() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        let ws = &self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx];
+        ws.render_above_top_layer()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Monitor<Window> {
+    pub fn render_elements<R: Renderer + ImportAll>(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut R,
+    ) -> Vec<MonitorRenderElement<R>>
+    where
+        <R as Renderer>::TextureId: 'static,
+    {
+        let _span = tracy_client::span!("Monitor::render_elements");
+
+        let output_scale = Scale::from(self.output.current_scale().fractional_scale());
+        let output_transform = self.output.current_transform();
+        let output_mode = self.output.current_mode().unwrap();
+        let size = output_transform.transform_size(output_mode.size);
+
+        match &self.workspace_switch {
+            Some(switch) => {
+                let render_idx = switch.current_idx();
+                let before_idx = render_idx.floor() as usize;
+                let after_idx = render_idx.ceil() as usize;
+
+                let offset = ((render_idx - before_idx as f64) * size.h as f64).round() as i32;
+
+                let before = self.workspaces[before_idx].render_elements(renderer);
+                let after = self.workspaces[after_idx].render_elements(renderer);
+
+                let before = before.into_iter().filter_map(|elem| {
+                    Some(RelocateRenderElement::from_element(
+                        CropRenderElement::from_element(
+                            elem,
+                            output_scale,
+                            Rectangle::from_extemities((0, offset), (size.w, size.h)),
+                        )?,
+                        (0, -offset),
+                        Relocate::Relative,
+                    ))
+                });
+                let after = after.into_iter().filter_map(|elem| {
+                    Some(RelocateRenderElement::from_element(
+                        CropRenderElement::from_element(
+                            elem,
+                            output_scale,
+                            Rectangle::from_extemities((0, 0), (size.w, offset)),
+                        )?,
+                        (0, -offset + size.h),
+                        Relocate::Relative,
+                    ))
+                });
+                before.chain(after).collect()
+            }
+            None => {
+                let elements = self.workspaces[self.active_workspace_idx].render_elements(renderer);
+                elements
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter_map(|elem| {
+                        Some(RelocateRenderElement::from_element(
+                            CropRenderElement::from_element(
+                                elem,
+                                output_scale,
+                                // HACK: set infinite crop bounds due to a damage tracking bug
+                                // which causes glitched rendering for maximized GTK windows.
+                                // FIXME: use proper bounds after fixing the Crop element.
+                                Rectangle::from_loc_and_size(
+                                    (-i32::MAX / 2, -i32::MAX / 2),
+                                    (i32::MAX, i32::MAX),
+                                ),
+                                // Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), size),
+                            )?,
+                            (0, 0),
+                            Relocate::Relative,
+                        ))
+                    })
+                    .collect()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+use std::cmp::max;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::solid::{SolidColorBuffer, SolidColorRenderElement};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::utils::{Relocate, RelocateRenderElement};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Kind;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::{ImportAll, Renderer};
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size};
+
+use super::focus_ring::FocusRing;
+use super::workspace::WorkspaceRenderElement;
+use super::{LayoutElement, Options};
+
+/// Toplevel window with decorations.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Tile<W: LayoutElement> {
+    /// The toplevel window itself.
+    window: W,
+
+    /// The border around the window.
+    border: FocusRing,
+
+    /// Whether this tile is fullscreen.
+    ///
+    /// This will update only when the `window` actually goes fullscreen, rather than right away,
+    /// to avoid black backdrop flicker before the window has had a chance to resize.
+    is_fullscreen: bool,
+
+    /// The black backdrop for fullscreen windows.
+    fullscreen_backdrop: SolidColorBuffer,
+
+    /// The size we were requested to fullscreen into.
+    fullscreen_size: Size<i32, Logical>,
+
+    /// Configurable properties of the layout.
+    options: Rc<Options>,
+}
+
+impl<W: LayoutElement> Tile<W> {
+    pub fn new(window: W, options: Rc<Options>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            window,
+            border: FocusRing::new(options.border),
+            is_fullscreen: false, // FIXME: up-to-date fullscreen right away, but we need size.
+            fullscreen_backdrop: SolidColorBuffer::new((0, 0), [0., 0., 0., 1.]),
+            fullscreen_size: Default::default(),
+            options,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, options: Rc<Options>) {
+        self.border.update_config(options.border);
+        self.options = options;
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_window(&mut self) {
+        // FIXME: remove when we can get a fullscreen size right away.
+        if self.fullscreen_size != Size::from((0, 0)) {
+            self.is_fullscreen = self.window.is_fullscreen();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn advance_animations(&mut self, _current_time: Duration, is_active: bool) {
+        let width = self.border.width();
+        self.border.update(
+            (width, width).into(),
+            self.window.size(),
+            self.window.has_ssd(),
+        );
+        self.border.set_active(is_active);
+    }
+
+    pub fn window(&self) -> &W {
+        &self.window
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_window(self) -> W {
+        self.window
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `None` if the border is hidden and `Some(width)` if it should be shown.
+    fn effective_border_width(&self) -> Option<i32> {
+        if self.is_fullscreen {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        if self.border.is_off() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(self.border.width())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the location of the window's visual geometry within this Tile.
+    pub fn window_loc(&self) -> Point<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut loc = Point::from((0, 0));
+
+        // In fullscreen, center the window in the given size.
+        if self.is_fullscreen {
+            let window_size = self.window.size();
+            let target_size = self.fullscreen_size;
+
+            // Windows aren't supposed to be larger than the fullscreen size, but in case we get
+            // one, leave it at the top-left as usual.
+            if window_size.w < target_size.w {
+                loc.x += (target_size.w - window_size.w) / 2;
+            }
+            if window_size.h < target_size.h {
+                loc.y += (target_size.h - window_size.h) / 2;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(width) = self.effective_border_width() {
+            loc += (width, width).into();
+        }
+
+        loc
+    }
+
+    pub fn tile_size(&self) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut size = self.window.size();
+
+        if self.is_fullscreen {
+            // Normally we'd just return the fullscreen size here, but this makes things a bit
+            // nicer if a fullscreen window is bigger than the fullscreen size for some reason.
+            size.w = max(size.w, self.fullscreen_size.w);
+            size.h = max(size.h, self.fullscreen_size.h);
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(width) = self.effective_border_width() {
+            size.w = size.w.saturating_add(width * 2);
+            size.h = size.h.saturating_add(width * 2);
+        }
+
+        size
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_size(&self) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+        self.window.size()
+    }
+
+    pub fn buf_loc(&self) -> Point<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut loc = Point::from((0, 0));
+        loc += self.window_loc();
+        loc += self.window.buf_loc();
+        loc
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_in_input_region(&self, mut point: Point<f64, Logical>) -> bool {
+        point -= self.window_loc().to_f64();
+        self.window.is_in_input_region(point)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_in_activation_region(&self, point: Point<f64, Logical>) -> bool {
+        let activation_region = Rectangle::from_loc_and_size((0, 0), self.tile_size());
+        activation_region.to_f64().contains(point)
+    }
+
+    pub fn request_tile_size(&mut self, mut size: Size<i32, Logical>) {
+        // Can't go through effective_border_width() because we might be fullscreen.
+        if !self.border.is_off() {
+            let width = self.border.width();
+            size.w = max(1, size.w - width * 2);
+            size.h = max(1, size.h - width * 2);
+        }
+
+        self.window.request_size(size);
+    }
+
+    pub fn tile_width_for_window_width(&self, size: i32) -> i32 {
+        if self.border.is_off() {
+            size
+        } else {
+            size.saturating_add(self.border.width() * 2)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn tile_height_for_window_height(&self, size: i32) -> i32 {
+        if self.border.is_off() {
+            size
+        } else {
+            size.saturating_add(self.border.width() * 2)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_height_for_tile_height(&self, size: i32) -> i32 {
+        if self.border.is_off() {
+            size
+        } else {
+            size.saturating_sub(self.border.width() * 2)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn request_fullscreen(&mut self, size: Size<i32, Logical>) {
+        self.fullscreen_backdrop.resize(size);
+        self.fullscreen_size = size;
+        self.window.request_fullscreen(size);
+    }
+
+    pub fn min_size(&self) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut size = self.window.min_size();
+
+        if let Some(width) = self.effective_border_width() {
+            size.w = max(1, size.w);
+            size.h = max(1, size.h);
+
+            size.w = size.w.saturating_add(width * 2);
+            size.h = size.h.saturating_add(width * 2);
+        }
+
+        size
+    }
+
+    pub fn max_size(&self) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+        let mut size = self.window.max_size();
+
+        if let Some(width) = self.effective_border_width() {
+            if size.w > 0 {
+                size.w = size.w.saturating_add(width * 2);
+            }
+            if size.h > 0 {
+                size.h = size.h.saturating_add(width * 2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        size
+    }
+
+    pub fn has_ssd(&self) -> bool {
+        self.effective_border_width().is_some() || self.window.has_ssd()
+    }
+
+    pub fn render<R: Renderer + ImportAll>(
+        &self,
+        renderer: &mut R,
+        location: Point<i32, Logical>,
+        scale: Scale<f64>,
+    ) -> Vec<WorkspaceRenderElement<R>>
+    where
+        <R as Renderer>::TextureId: 'static,
+    {
+        let mut rv = Vec::new();
+
+        let window_pos = location + self.window_loc();
+        rv.extend(self.window.render(renderer, window_pos, scale));
+
+        if self.effective_border_width().is_some() {
+            rv.extend(
+                self.border
+                    .render(scale)
+                    .map(|elem| {
+                        RelocateRenderElement::from_element(
+                            elem,
+                            location.to_physical_precise_round(scale),
+                            Relocate::Relative,
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .map(Into::into),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if self.is_fullscreen {
+            let elem = SolidColorRenderElement::from_buffer(
+                &self.fullscreen_backdrop,
+                location.to_physical_precise_round(scale),
+                scale,
+                1.,
+                Kind::Unspecified,
+            );
+            rv.push(elem.into());
+        }
+
+        rv
+    }
+}
@@ -3,15 +3,19 @@ extern crate tracing;

 mod animation;
 mod backend;
-mod config;
+mod config_error_notification;
 mod cursor;
 #[cfg(feature = "dbus")]
 mod dbus;
+mod exit_confirm_dialog;
 mod frame_clock;
 mod handlers;
+mod hotkey_overlay;
 mod input;
+mod ipc;
 mod layout;
 mod niri;
+mod render_helpers;
 mod screenshot_ui;
 mod utils;
 mod watcher;
@@ -26,13 +30,13 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::process::Command;
 use std::{env, mem};

-use clap::Parser;
-use config::Config;
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+use directories::ProjectDirs;
 #[cfg(not(feature = "xdp-gnome-screencast"))]
 use dummy_pw_utils as pw_utils;
 use git_version::git_version;
-use miette::{Context, NarratableReportHandler};
 use niri::{Niri, State};
+use niri_config::Config;
 use portable_atomic::Ordering;
 use sd_notify::NotifyState;
 use smithay::reexports::calloop::{self, EventLoop};
@@ -41,10 +45,14 @@ use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
 use utils::spawn;
 use watcher::Watcher;

-use crate::utils::{REMOVE_ENV_RUST_BACKTRACE, REMOVE_ENV_RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE};
+use crate::ipc::client::handle_msg;
+use crate::utils::{cause_panic, REMOVE_ENV_RUST_BACKTRACE, REMOVE_ENV_RUST_LIB_BACKTRACE};

 #[derive(Parser)]
-#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(author, version = version(), about, long_about = None)]
+#[command(args_conflicts_with_subcommands = true)]
+#[command(subcommand_value_name = "SUBCOMMAND")]
+#[command(subcommand_help_heading = "Subcommands")]
 struct Cli {
    /// Path to config file (default: `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/niri/config.kdl`).
    #[arg(short, long)]
@@ -52,9 +60,38 @@ struct Cli {
    /// Command to run upon compositor startup.
    #[arg(last = true)]
    command: Vec<OsString>,
+
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    subcommand: Option<Sub>,
 }

-fn main() {
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Sub {
+    /// Validate the config file.
+    Validate {
+        /// Path to config file (default: `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/niri/config.kdl`).
+        #[arg(short, long)]
+        config: Option<PathBuf>,
+    },
+    /// Communicate with the running niri instance.
+    Msg {
+        #[command(subcommand)]
+        msg: Msg,
+        /// Format output as JSON.
+        #[arg(short, long)]
+        json: bool,
+    },
+    /// Cause a panic to check if the backtraces are good.
+    Panic,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+enum Msg {
+    /// List connected outputs.
+    Outputs,
+}
+
+fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    // Set backtrace defaults if not set.
    if env::var_os("RUST_BACKTRACE").is_none() {
        env::set_var("RUST_BACKTRACE", "1");
@@ -92,21 +129,46 @@ fn main() {

    let _client = tracy_client::Client::start();

-    info!(
-        "starting version {} ({})",
-        env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
-        git_version!(fallback = "unknown commit"),
-    );
+    // Set a better error printer for config loading.
+    niri_config::set_miette_hook().unwrap();
+
+    // Handle subcommands.
+    if let Some(subcommand) = cli.subcommand {
+        match subcommand {
+            Sub::Validate { config } => {
+                let path = config
+                    .or_else(default_config_path)
+                    .expect("error getting config path");
+                Config::load(&path)?;
+                info!("config is valid");
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            Sub::Msg { msg, json } => {
+                handle_msg(msg, json)?;
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            Sub::Panic => cause_panic(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    info!("starting version {}", &version());

    // Load the config.
-    miette::set_hook(Box::new(|_| Box::new(NarratableReportHandler::new()))).unwrap();
-    let (mut config, path) = match Config::load(cli.config).context("error loading config") {
-        Ok((config, path)) => (config, Some(path)),
-        Err(err) => {
-            warn!("{err:?}");
-            (Config::default(), None)
-        }
-    };
+    let path = cli.config.or_else(default_config_path);
+
+    let mut config_errored = false;
+    let mut config = path
+        .as_deref()
+        .and_then(|path| match Config::load(path) {
+            Ok(config) => Some(config),
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!("{err:?}");
+                config_errored = true;
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
    animation::ANIMATION_SLOWDOWN.store(config.debug.animation_slowdown, Ordering::Relaxed);
    let spawn_at_startup = mem::take(&mut config.spawn_at_startup);

@@ -128,14 +190,22 @@ fn main() {
        socket_name.to_string_lossy()
    );

+    // Set NIRI_SOCKET for children.
+    if let Some(ipc) = &state.niri.ipc_server {
+        env::set_var(niri_ipc::SOCKET_PATH_ENV, &ipc.socket_path);
+        info!("IPC listening on: {}", ipc.socket_path.to_string_lossy());
+    }
+
    if is_systemd_service {
        // We're starting as a systemd service. Export our variables.
        import_env_to_systemd();

        // Inhibit power key handling so we can suspend on it.
        #[cfg(feature = "dbus")]
-        if let Err(err) = state.niri.inhibit_power_key() {
-            warn!("error inhibiting power key: {err:?}");
+        if !state.niri.config.borrow().input.disable_power_key_handling {
+            if let Err(err) = state.niri.inhibit_power_key() {
+                warn!("error inhibiting power key: {err:?}");
+            }
        }
    }

@@ -170,10 +240,25 @@ fn main() {
        spawn(elem.command);
    }

+    // Show the config error notification right away if needed.
+    if config_errored {
+        state.niri.config_error_notification.show();
+    }
+
    // Run the compositor.
    event_loop
        .run(None, &mut state, |state| state.refresh_and_flush_clients())
        .unwrap();
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn version() -> String {
+    format!(
+        "{} ({})",
+        env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+        git_version!(fallback = "unknown commit"),
+    )
 }

 fn import_env_to_systemd() {
@@ -203,3 +288,14 @@ fn import_env_to_systemd() {
        }
    }
 }
+
+fn default_config_path() -> Option<PathBuf> {
+    let Some(dirs) = ProjectDirs::from("", "", "niri") else {
+        warn!("error retrieving home directory");
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    let mut path = dirs.config_dir().to_owned();
+    path.push("config.kdl");
+    Some(path)
+}
@@ -95,11 +95,20 @@ impl PipeWire {
    ) -> anyhow::Result<Cast> {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("PipeWire::start_cast");

+        let to_niri_ = to_niri.clone();
        let stop_cast = move || {
-            if let Err(err) = to_niri.send(ScreenCastToNiri::StopCast { session_id }) {
+            if let Err(err) = to_niri_.send(ScreenCastToNiri::StopCast { session_id }) {
                warn!("error sending StopCast to niri: {err:?}");
            }
        };
+        let weak = output.downgrade();
+        let redraw = move || {
+            if let Some(output) = weak.upgrade() {
+                if let Err(err) = to_niri.send(ScreenCastToNiri::Redraw(output)) {
+                    warn!("error sending Redraw to niri: {err:?}");
+                }
+            }
+        };

        let mode = output.current_mode().unwrap();
        let size = mode.size;
@@ -158,6 +167,7 @@ impl PipeWire {
                        StreamState::Connecting => (),
                        StreamState::Streaming => {
                            is_active.set(true);
+                            redraw();
                        }
                    }
                }
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+use smithay::backend::allocator::dmabuf::Dmabuf;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::texture::TextureRenderElement;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::{Element, Id, Kind, RenderElement, UnderlyingStorage};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{GlesError, GlesFrame, GlesRenderer, GlesTexture};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::utils::CommitCounter;
+use smithay::backend::renderer::{
+    Bind, ExportMem, ImportAll, ImportMem, Offscreen, Renderer, Texture,
+};
+use smithay::utils::{Buffer, Physical, Rectangle, Scale, Transform};
+
+use crate::backend::tty::{TtyFrame, TtyRenderer, TtyRendererError};
+
+/// Trait with our main renderer requirements to save on the typing.
+pub trait NiriRenderer:
+    ImportAll
+    + ImportMem
+    + ExportMem
+    + Bind<Dmabuf>
+    + Offscreen<GlesTexture>
+    + Renderer<TextureId = Self::NiriTextureId, Error = Self::NiriError>
+    + AsGlesRenderer
+{
+    // Associated types to work around the instability of associated type bounds.
+    type NiriTextureId: Texture + Clone + 'static;
+    type NiriError: std::error::Error
+        + Send
+        + Sync
+        + From<<GlesRenderer as Renderer>::Error>
+        + 'static;
+}
+
+impl<R> NiriRenderer for R
+where
+    R: ImportAll + ImportMem + ExportMem + Bind<Dmabuf> + Offscreen<GlesTexture> + AsGlesRenderer,
+    R::TextureId: Texture + Clone + 'static,
+    R::Error: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + From<<GlesRenderer as Renderer>::Error> + 'static,
+{
+    type NiriTextureId = R::TextureId;
+    type NiriError = R::Error;
+}
+
+/// Trait for getting the underlying `GlesRenderer`.
+pub trait AsGlesRenderer {
+    fn as_gles_renderer(&mut self) -> &mut GlesRenderer;
+}
+
+impl AsGlesRenderer for GlesRenderer {
+    fn as_gles_renderer(&mut self) -> &mut GlesRenderer {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'render, 'alloc> AsGlesRenderer for TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc> {
+    fn as_gles_renderer(&mut self) -> &mut GlesRenderer {
+        self.as_mut()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Trait for getting the underlying `GlesFrame`.
+pub trait AsGlesFrame<'frame>
+where
+    Self: 'frame,
+{
+    fn as_gles_frame(&mut self) -> &mut GlesFrame<'frame>;
+}
+
+impl<'frame> AsGlesFrame<'frame> for GlesFrame<'frame> {
+    fn as_gles_frame(&mut self) -> &mut GlesFrame<'frame> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'render, 'alloc, 'frame> AsGlesFrame<'frame> for TtyFrame<'render, 'alloc, 'frame> {
+    fn as_gles_frame(&mut self) -> &mut GlesFrame<'frame> {
+        self.as_mut()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wrapper for a texture from the primary GPU for rendering with the primary GPU.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement(pub TextureRenderElement<GlesTexture>);
+
+impl Element for PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement {
+    fn id(&self) -> &Id {
+        self.0.id()
+    }
+
+    fn current_commit(&self) -> CommitCounter {
+        self.0.current_commit()
+    }
+
+    fn geometry(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Rectangle<i32, Physical> {
+        self.0.geometry(scale)
+    }
+
+    fn transform(&self) -> Transform {
+        self.0.transform()
+    }
+
+    fn src(&self) -> Rectangle<f64, Buffer> {
+        self.0.src()
+    }
+
+    fn damage_since(
+        &self,
+        scale: Scale<f64>,
+        commit: Option<CommitCounter>,
+    ) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        self.0.damage_since(scale, commit)
+    }
+
+    fn opaque_regions(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        self.0.opaque_regions(scale)
+    }
+
+    fn alpha(&self) -> f32 {
+        self.0.alpha()
+    }
+
+    fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        self.0.kind()
+    }
+}
+
+impl RenderElement<GlesRenderer> for PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement {
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut GlesFrame<'_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), GlesError> {
+        let gles_frame = frame.as_gles_frame();
+        RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&self.0, gles_frame, src, dst, damage)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(&self, _renderer: &mut GlesRenderer) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        // If scanout for things other than Wayland buffers is implemented, this will need to take
+        // the target GPU into account.
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'render, 'alloc> RenderElement<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>
+    for PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement
+{
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut TtyFrame<'_, '_, '_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), TtyRendererError<'render, 'alloc>> {
+        let gles_frame = frame.as_gles_frame();
+        RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&self.0, gles_frame, src, dst, damage)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(
+        &self,
+        _renderer: &mut TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>,
+    ) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        // If scanout for things other than Wayland buffers is implemented, this will need to take
+        // the target GPU into account.
+        None
+    }
+}
@@ -5,19 +5,21 @@ use std::mem;

 use anyhow::Context;
 use arrayvec::ArrayVec;
+use niri_config::Action;
 use smithay::backend::allocator::Fourcc;
 use smithay::backend::input::{ButtonState, MouseButton};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::solid::{SolidColorBuffer, SolidColorRenderElement};
 use smithay::backend::renderer::element::texture::{TextureBuffer, TextureRenderElement};
-use smithay::backend::renderer::element::Kind;
-use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{GlesRenderer, GlesTexture};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::element::{Element, Id, Kind, RenderElement, UnderlyingStorage};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::gles::{GlesError, GlesFrame, GlesRenderer, GlesTexture};
+use smithay::backend::renderer::utils::CommitCounter;
 use smithay::backend::renderer::ExportMem;
 use smithay::input::keyboard::{Keysym, ModifiersState};
 use smithay::output::{Output, WeakOutput};
-use smithay::render_elements;
-use smithay::utils::{Physical, Point, Rectangle, Size, Transform};
+use smithay::utils::{Buffer, Physical, Point, Rectangle, Scale, Size, Transform};

-use crate::config::Action;
+use crate::backend::tty::{TtyFrame, TtyRenderer, TtyRendererError};
+use crate::render_helpers::PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement;

 const BORDER: i32 = 2;

@@ -39,17 +41,17 @@ pub enum ScreenshotUi {

 pub struct OutputData {
    size: Size<i32, Physical>,
+    scale: i32,
    texture: GlesTexture,
    texture_buffer: TextureBuffer<GlesTexture>,
    buffers: [SolidColorBuffer; 8],
    locations: [Point<i32, Physical>; 8],
 }

-render_elements! {
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub ScreenshotUiRenderElement<R>;
-    Screenshot = TextureRenderElement<R::TextureId>,
-    SolidColor = SolidColorRenderElement,
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    Screenshot(PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement),
+    SolidColor(SolidColorRenderElement),
 }

 impl ScreenshotUi {
@@ -105,10 +107,11 @@ impl ScreenshotUi {
                let output_transform = output.current_transform();
                let output_mode = output.current_mode().unwrap();
                let size = output_transform.transform_size(output_mode.size);
+                let scale = output.current_scale().integer_scale();
                let texture_buffer = TextureBuffer::from_texture(
                    renderer,
                    texture.clone(),
-                    output.current_scale().integer_scale(),
+                    scale,
                    Transform::Normal,
                    None,
                );
@@ -125,6 +128,7 @@ impl ScreenshotUi {
                let locations = [Default::default(); 8];
                let data = OutputData {
                    size,
+                    scale,
                    texture,
                    texture_buffer,
                    buffers,
@@ -236,10 +240,7 @@ impl ScreenshotUi {
        }
    }

-    pub fn render_output(
-        &self,
-        output: &Output,
-    ) -> ArrayVec<ScreenshotUiRenderElement<GlesRenderer>, 9> {
+    pub fn render_output(&self, output: &Output) -> ArrayVec<ScreenshotUiRenderElement, 9> {
        let _span = tracy_client::span!("ScreenshotUi::render_output");

        let Self::Open { output_data, .. } = self else {
@@ -266,14 +267,14 @@ impl ScreenshotUi {

        // The screenshot itself goes last.
        elements.push(
-            TextureRenderElement::from_texture_buffer(
+            PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement(TextureRenderElement::from_texture_buffer(
                (0., 0.),
                &output_data.texture_buffer,
                None,
                None,
                None,
                Kind::Unspecified,
-            )
+            ))
            .into(),
        );

@@ -332,9 +333,10 @@ impl ScreenshotUi {
        }
    }

-    pub fn output_size(&self, output: &Output) -> Option<Size<i32, Physical>> {
+    pub fn output_size(&self, output: &Output) -> Option<(Size<i32, Physical>, i32)> {
        if let Self::Open { output_data, .. } = self {
-            Some(output_data.get(output)?.size)
+            let data = output_data.get(output)?;
+            Some((data.size, data.scale))
        } else {
            None
        }
@@ -446,3 +448,138 @@ pub fn rect_from_corner_points(
    let y2 = max(a.y, b.y);
    Rectangle::from_extemities((x1, y1), (x2 + scale, y2 + scale))
 }
+
+// Manual RenderElement implementation due to AsGlesFrame requirement.
+impl Element for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn id(&self) -> &Id {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.id(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.id(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn current_commit(&self) -> CommitCounter {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.current_commit(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.current_commit(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn geometry(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Rectangle<i32, Physical> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.geometry(scale),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.geometry(scale),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn transform(&self) -> Transform {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.transform(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.transform(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn src(&self) -> Rectangle<f64, Buffer> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.src(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.src(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn damage_since(
+        &self,
+        scale: Scale<f64>,
+        commit: Option<CommitCounter>,
+    ) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.damage_since(scale, commit),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.damage_since(scale, commit),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn opaque_regions(&self, scale: Scale<f64>) -> Vec<Rectangle<i32, Physical>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.opaque_regions(scale),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.opaque_regions(scale),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn alpha(&self) -> f32 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.alpha(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.alpha(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn kind(&self) -> Kind {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => elem.kind(),
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => elem.kind(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl RenderElement<GlesRenderer> for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut GlesFrame<'_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), GlesError> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<GlesRenderer>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(&self, _renderer: &mut GlesRenderer) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        // If scanout for things other than Wayland buffers is implemented, this will need to take
+        // the target GPU into account.
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'render, 'alloc> RenderElement<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>> for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn draw(
+        &self,
+        frame: &mut TtyFrame<'render, 'alloc, '_>,
+        src: Rectangle<f64, Buffer>,
+        dst: Rectangle<i32, Physical>,
+        damage: &[Rectangle<i32, Physical>],
+    ) -> Result<(), TtyRendererError<'render, 'alloc>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Screenshot(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+            Self::SolidColor(elem) => {
+                RenderElement::<TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>>::draw(&elem, frame, src, dst, damage)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn underlying_storage(
+        &self,
+        _renderer: &mut TtyRenderer<'render, 'alloc>,
+    ) -> Option<UnderlyingStorage> {
+        // If scanout for things other than Wayland buffers is implemented, this will need to take
+        // the target GPU into account.
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SolidColorRenderElement> for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn from(x: SolidColorRenderElement) -> Self {
+        Self::SolidColor(x)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement> for ScreenshotUiRenderElement {
+    fn from(x: PrimaryGpuTextureRenderElement) -> Self {
+        Self::Screenshot(x)
+    }
+}
@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use anyhow::{ensure, Context};
 use directories::UserDirs;
+use niri_config::Config;
+use smithay::output::Output;
 use smithay::reexports::rustix::time::{clock_gettime, ClockId};
-use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle};
+use smithay::utils::{Logical, Point, Rectangle, Size};

-use crate::config::Config;
+pub fn clone2<T: Clone, U: Clone>(t: (&T, &U)) -> (T, U) {
+    (t.0.clone(), t.1.clone())
+}

 pub fn get_monotonic_time() -> Duration {
    let ts = clock_gettime(ClockId::Monotonic);
@@ -25,6 +29,16 @@ pub fn center(rect: Rectangle<i32, Logical>) -> Point<i32, Logical> {
    rect.loc + rect.size.downscale(2).to_point()
 }

+pub fn output_size(output: &Output) -> Size<i32, Logical> {
+    let output_scale = output.current_scale().integer_scale();
+    let output_transform = output.current_transform();
+    let output_mode = output.current_mode().unwrap();
+
+    output_transform
+        .transform_size(output_mode.size)
+        .to_logical(output_scale)
+}
+
 pub fn make_screenshot_path(config: &Config) -> anyhow::Result<Option<PathBuf>> {
    let Some(path) = &config.screenshot_path else {
        return Ok(None);
@@ -176,3 +190,10 @@ pub fn show_screenshot_notification(image_path: Option<PathBuf>) {
        warn!("error showing screenshot notification: {err:?}");
    }
 }
+
+#[inline(never)]
+pub fn cause_panic() {
+    let a = Duration::from_secs(1);
+    let b = Duration::from_secs(2);
+    let _ = a - b;
+}
@@ -27,7 +27,18 @@ impl Watcher {
            thread::Builder::new()
                .name(format!("Filesystem Watcher for {}", path.to_string_lossy()))
                .spawn(move || {
-                    let mut last_mtime = path.metadata().and_then(|meta| meta.modified()).ok();
+                    // this "should" be as simple as mtime, but it does not quite work in practice;
+                    // it doesn't work if the config is a symlink, and its target changes but the
+                    // new target and old target have identical mtimes.
+                    //
+                    // in practice, this does not occur on any systems other than nix.
+                    // because, on nix practically everything is a symlink to /nix/store
+                    // and due to reproducibility, /nix/store keeps no mtime (= 1970-01-01)
+                    // so, symlink targets change frequently when mtime doesn't.
+                    let mut last_props = path
+                        .canonicalize()
+                        .and_then(|canon| Ok((canon.metadata()?.modified()?, canon)))
+                        .ok();

                    loop {
                        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
@@ -36,8 +47,11 @@ impl Watcher {
                            break;
                        }

-                        if let Ok(mtime) = path.metadata().and_then(|meta| meta.modified()) {
-                            if last_mtime != Some(mtime) {
+                        if let Ok(new_props) = path
+                            .canonicalize()
+                            .and_then(|canon| Ok((canon.metadata()?.modified()?, canon)))
+                        {
+                            if last_props.as_ref() != Some(&new_props) {
                                trace!("file changed: {}", path.to_string_lossy());

                                if let Err(err) = changed.send(()) {
@@ -45,7 +59,7 @@ impl Watcher {
                                    break;
                                }

-                                last_mtime = Some(mtime);
+                                last_props = Some(new_props);
                            }
                        }
                    }